Effect of household and village characteristics on financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to health care spending in Western and Central Rural China: A multilevel analysis

Table 4 Incidence of catastrophic and impoverishing health payment by all subgroups

Variables	Households with catastrophic health payment (N = 3,319) n (%)	P-value*	Households impoverished by health payment (N = 3,077)^Δ N (%)	P-value
Village-level variables
Village deprivation (Quartile)		<0.001		<0.001
Most deprived	109 (30.7)		68 (22.2)
2nd	217(28.3)		142 (20.5)
3rd	159 (15.3)		99 (9.9)
Least deprived	130 (11.2)		59 (5.5)
Availability of a health post		0.866		0.109
No	223 (18.7)		146 (13.3)
Yes	392 (18.4)		222 (11.2)
Location of village
Mountainous	237 (28.0)	<0.001	157 (20.7)	<0.001
Plains	378 (15.3)		211 (9.1)
Household-level variables
Household per capita income (Quartile)		<0.001		<0.001
Lowest	355 (42.9)		222 (36.2)
2^nd	165 (19.9)		106 (13.2)
3^rd	67 (8.1)		31 (3.8)
Highest	26 (3.1)		8 (1.0)
NRCMS participation status		0.409		0.569
No	42 (16.4)		25 (10.6)
Yes	573 (18.7)		343 (12.1)
Proportion of members with serious chronic illness		<0.001		<0.001
0	194 (8.5)		121 (5.6)
≤0.5	289 (36.2)		177 (24.8)
>0.5	132 (57.9)		70 (37.8)
Hospitalized members		<0.001		<0.001
No	365 (13.3)		216 (8.4)
Yes	250 (44.2)		152 (29.7)
Household size		0.004		0.123
≤3	393 (20.0)		210 (11.7)
4-6	212 (16.0)		151 (12.0)
>6	10 (29.4)		7 (24.1)
Proportion of members aged over 65		<0.001		<0.001
0	350 (13.7)		221 (9.1)
≤0.5	148 (28.1)		91 (19.3)
>0.5	117 (49.6)		55 (33.7)
Occupation of household head		<0.001		<0.001
Farmer	483 (17.0)		303 (11.4)
Non-farmer	22 (7.9)		10 (3.7)
Unemployed	110 (57.3)		55 (41.0)

Δ Number of non-poor households before health payment; * Chi-square test of association

ISSN: 1478-4505