Fig. 1

Visualization of the three overarching programme theories (CMOs 1–3). The outer circle represents the programme outcomes (O). The middle circle represents the context factors (C) and network mechanisms (M). The inner circle depicts the critical components or “active ingredients” of the programme that work together to influence individual and team-level transdisciplinary research capacity. TD = transdisciplinary; KT = knowledge translation. The bidirectional arrows indicate the interrelatedness contingent influences of the contextual factors and network mechanisms. The centre-pointing arrows indicate the direction of influence of these factors on the primary outcome of TD capacity