Table 1 Definitions of lobbying

Interest representation (lobbying): all activities carried out with the objective of influencing the policy formulation and decision-making processes of the European institutions

European Transparency Initiative [26]

To make deals and influence political processes

World Health Organization [27]

Any contact (written or oral communication, including electronic communication) with lobbying targets for the purpose of influencing the formulation, modification, adoption, or administration of legislation, rules, spending decisions, or any other government program, policy, or position

Sunlight Foundation [28]

The act of lawfully attempting to influence the design, implementation, execution and evaluation of public policies and regulations administered by executive, legislative or judicial public officials at the local, regional or national level

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [16]

Any activity carried out to influence a government or institution’s policies and decisions in favour of a specific cause or outcome. Even when allowed by law, these acts can become distortive if disproportionate levels of influence exist – by companies, associations, organisations and individuals

Transparency International [29]

Any direct or indirect communication with a public official that is made, managed or directed with the purpose of influencing public decision-making

International standards for lobbying regulation [30]