Table 2 Bivariate and multivariable analysis of the factors associated with health insurance coverage among women of reproductive age in rural Ghana

Age (in years)

 15–19

Ref

Ref

 20–24

1.34*** [1.16–1.55]

0.92 [0.76–1.09]

 25–29

1.36*** [1.16–1.59]

0.90 [0.72–1.13]

 30–34

1.08 [0.92–1.28]

0.83 [0.65–1.08]

 35–39

1.04 [0.88–1.22]

0.95 [0.72–1.24]

 40–44

1.05 [0.88–1.24]

0.98 [0.74–1.29]

 45–49

0.85 [0.71–1.02]

0.88 [0.66–1.18]

Educational status

 No education

Ref

Ref

 Primary

0.90** [0.78–1.02]

0.95 [0.79–1.07]

 JSS/JHS/Middle

1.18*** [1.06–1.32]

1.26** [1.04–1.41]

 SSS/SHS/ Secondary

1.81*** [1.53–2.14]

1.81*** [1.45–2.25]

 Higher

6.40*** [3.96–10.34]

4.77*** [2.78–8.19]

Ethnicity

 Akan

Ref

Ref

 Ga/Dangme

0.67*** [0.54–0.84]

0.82 [0.64,1.06]

 Ewe

0.75** [0.63–0.88]

0.73** [0.57,0.92]

 Guan

1.89*** [1.48–2.42]

1.81*** [1.34,2.43]

 Gruma

0.68*** [0.56[0.85]

0.88 [0.67,1.16]

 Mole Dagbani

1.11 [0.98–1.25]

1.14[0.92,1.41]

 Grusi

1.04 [0.85–1.29]

0.99 [0.76,1.30]

 Mande

0.72 [0.91–1.54]

0.76 [0.34,1.70]

 Others

1.10 [0.91–1.32]

1.19 [0.93,1.52]

Parity

 0

Ref

Ref

 1

1.59*** [1.37–1.86]

1.81*** [1.50,2.17]

 2

1.23* [1.04–1.45]

1.59*** [1.27,1.98]

 3

1.10 [0.93–1.30]

1.41** [1.10,1.80]

 4

0.97 [82–1.15]

1.27 [0.97,1.66]

 5

0.95 [0.79–1.13]

1.36* [1.03,1.79]

 6

0.93 [0.77–1.11]

1.29 [0.96,1.74]

 7

0.71** [0.57–0.89]

1.05 [0.76,1.44]

 8

0.74* [0.56–0.98]

1.13 [0.77,1.64]

 9+

0.60** [0.45–0.81]

0.97 [0.66,1.43]

Pregnancy status

 Not pregnant

Ref

Ref

 Pregnant

3.43*** [2.78–4.22]

3.54*** [2.84–4.42]

Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine

 Not at all

Ref

Ref

 Less than once a week

1.26 [0.96–1.66]

0.85 [0.63–1.14]

 At least once a week

1.80** [1.23–2.61]

1.21 [0.79–1.86]

 Almost every day

1.75 [0.81–3.77]

1.06 [0.47–2.41]

Frequency of listening to the radio

 Not at all

Ref

Ref

 Less than once a week

0.89 [0.78–1.02]

0.94 [0.81–1.09]

 At least once a week

1.05 [0.92–1.19]

0.99 [0.86- 1.15]

 Almost every day

1.19** [1.06–1.34]

1.15* [1.01–1.30]

Frequency of watching television

 Not at all

Ref

Ref

 Less than once a week

0.9 [0.79–1.07]

0.88 [0.74–1.05]

 At least once a week

1.21** [1.05–1.39]

1.07 [0.91–1.26]

 Almost every day

1.25*** [1.12–1.40]

0.88 [0.76–1.02]

Wealth quintile

 Poorest

Ref

Ref

 Poorer

1.08 [0.96–1.22]

1.30*** [1.14–1.50]

 Middle

1.41*** [1.24–1.61]

1.87*** [1.59–2.21]

 Richer

1.58*** [1.34–1.87]

2.14*** [1.74–2.63]

 Richest

2.99*** [2.39–3.74]

3.84*** [2.93–5.03]

Region

 Western

Ref

Ref

 Central

0.76* [0.62–0.95]

0.64*** [0.51–0.80]

 Greater Accra

0.75 [0.53–1.0]

0.69 [0.46–1.04]

 Volta

1.22 [0.99–1.50]

1.36* [1.02–1.81]

 Eastern

0.82 [0.67–1.02]

0.91 [0.72–1.15]

 Ashanti

1.25* [1.01–1.54]

1.18 [0.72–1.15]

 Brong Ahafo

2.53*** [2.02–3.18]

2.82*** [2.20,3.60]

 Northern

0.97 [0.80–1.18]

1.32* [1.02–1.70]

 Upper East

1.62*** [1.32–1.98]

2.13*** [1.63–2.80]

 Upper west

1.16 [0.96–1.40]

1.56*** [1.20–2.03]