Table 1 Summary of theories/models used in conference evaluations

New Learning

A theory-based tool for creating and evaluating knowledge acquisition at conferences. Weissner et al. define new learning as "learning that provides new insight, a diverse theoretical point of view, or a unique or uncommon conceptual framework; or points out the cumulative learning within a topic or research thread” [18].

Theory of Planned Behaviour/Theory of Reasoned Action

Two predictive behavioural theories, which posit that if: 1. a person believes a certain action (attitude) is positive; 2. their peers want them to perform this action (social pressures); and 3. they have the ability to perform this action (perceived control) then they are likely to adopt the behaviour [19]. The theory of reasoned action does not include perceived control [5].

Social Cognitive Theory

Proposes that learning can be directly related to one's observations of others, with their current cognitive processes, environment and behavioural norms acting as factors influencing overall individual development [19].

Social Capital Theory

While an accepted definition is still developing, the main concept stems from the belief that social relationships and experiences can provide positive economic and sociological outcomes for an individual and a group [20].

Constructivism

An epistemological theory that suggests humans synthesize knowledge based on the interactions of new events with previous experiences through assimilation and accommodation [21].

Models

Description

Communities of Practice

"Communities of practice are groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly" [22]. (quoted in Reychav and Te’eni’s study[20]included in the framework)

NGO Engagement Models

Two models to describe NGOs interactions with other stakeholders and the role they play in conferences: 1. traditional lobbying of governments extending to the international stage; and 2. civil society organizations are acting independently of governments as stakeholders in global governance [23].