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Costa Rica
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• Phased extension since 1940 of mandatory insurance coverage, through the social security fund (Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social: CCSS), to the entire population, beginning with formal-sector employees in urban areas, then to rural employees, and then to the self-employed and the poor (with government paying the contribution for the poor from tax funds)
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• Qualitative study using document reviews, key-informant interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs)
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• Historical lens applied
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• Used actor mapping framework
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• Used policy analysis triangle framework
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• Bringing hospitals under the control of the mandatory insurance scheme and improving primary health care services
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Georgia
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• Providing insurance coverage for the poor, using government funds to pay private health insurance scheme contributions (Medical Insurance for the Poor (MIP) program)
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• Mixed methods: analysis of secondary national household survey data and primary qualitative data collection and analysis (key-informant interviews and FGDs)
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India
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• Providing insurance coverage for the poor, using government funds to pay contributions to health insurance schemes (public or private) (Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana: RSBY initiative)
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• Mixed methods: household survey of beneficiary households; and key-informant interviews and FGDs
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Malawi
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• Contracting (establishing Service Level Agreements - SLAs) with faith-based providers to provide health services free of charge to vulnerable populations, particularly for maternal and neonatal services
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• Case study design (facility-based SLA as the unit of analysis)
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• Mixed methods: exit survey and key-informant interviews
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Nigeria
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• Efforts to extend coverage of the National Health Insurance Scheme from the initial target membership of Federal civil servants to State civil servants
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• Case study design (state as the unit of analysis)
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• Qualitative study using document review and key-informant interviews
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Tanzania
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• Transfer of management of district level community-based voluntary health insurance schemes (Community Health Fund: CHF) to the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), a mandatory scheme initially established for civil servants but now open to other formal-sector workers
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• Case study design (district as the unit of analysis)
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• Mixed methods: key-informant interviews and focus group discussions; review of facility financial and utilisation records
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Thailand
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• Phased extension of mandatory insurance coverage to entire population
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• Case study design (policy design feature as the unit of analysis)
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• Qualitative study using key-informant interviews and document reviews
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• Used policy analysis triangle framework
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• Used policy network approach
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