Table 2 The ratio of R&D expenditure to gross industrial output value of high-tech industries in selected countries
From: Public funding and private investment for R&D: a survey in China’s pharmaceutical industry
High technology industry | Aircraft and spacecraft | Pharmaceuticals | Office, accounting and computing machinery | Radio, television and communication equipment | Medical, precision and optical instruments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China (2011) | 1.63 | 7.82 | 1.41 | 0.75 | 1.81 | 1.91 |
USA (2007) | 16.89 | 9.90 | 26.57 | 10.69 | 15.72 | 18.34 |
Japan (2008) | 10.50 | 2.90 | 16.40 | 7.61 | 8.90 | 16.98 |
Germany (2007) | 6.87 | 8.65 | 8.27 | 4.46 | 6.28 | 6.28 |
UK (2006) | 11.10 | 10.70 | 24.92 | 0.38 | 7.56 | 3.63 |
France (2006) | 7.74 | 5.20 | 8.69 | 7.94 | 12.24 | 7.08 |
Italy (2007) | 3.82 | 13.43 | 1.79 | 1.23 | 4.48 | 2.60 |
Canada (2006) | 11.50 | 6.27 | 11.88 | 10.92 | 14.52 | – |
Spain (2007) | 5.22 | 6.87 | 6.25 | 3.80 | 3.85 | 3.24 |
Korea (2006) | 5.86 | 9.02 | 2.51 | 3.93 | 6.65 | 2.16 |
Sweden (2007) | 13.18 | 12.91 | 13.44 | 13.92 | 14.73 | 8.99 |
Denmark (2006) | – | – | 18.40 | 5.09 | 11.49 | 8.32 |
Norway (2007) | 5.67 | 1.09 | 5.48 | 0.85 | 7.51 | 5.91 |
Finland (2007) | 11.50 | 4.81 | 24.50 | 2.34 | 11.76 | 4.91 |