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Table 1 Indicators for health workers' performance

From: Human resource management interventions to improve health workers' performance in low and middle income countries: a realist review

Factors

Examples of indicators*

Impact

 

Health status

Decline in mortality/morbidity among targeted patients:

Decreased prevalence and incidence

Effects

 

Performance

Improved service delivery:

Client satisfaction

Re-admission rates and cross-infections

Case fatality rates

Treatment success rates, defaulter rates

Coverage

Service utilisation

Outcomes

 

Availability

Waiting time, staff ratios, overtime, staff turnover, attendance of health workers

Productivity

Occupancy rate, outpatient visits and interventions provided per worker or facility

Patient contacts

Competencies

Prescribing practices

Adherence to protocol during diagnosis and communication with patients

Responsiveness

Proactive quality service, e.g. decubitus ulcers

Outputs

 

Retention

Vacancies, posts filled, duration in job

Absence

Attendance of health workers, overtime

Being responsible

Showing initiative, active participation in audits and meetings

Adherence to rules and Standard Operating Procedures

Skills and knowledge

Level of skills and knowledge of practices

Motivation and job satisfaction

Level of job satisfaction

Level of staff motivation

Working conditions

Availability of infrastructure, medications, supplies

Being aware of and adhering to communication and decision-making procedures:

Number of meetings held with minutes and action list

Confidential procedure for complaints in place and used

Management support offered:

Amount of supportive supervision

  1. * Indicators taken from among others:
  2. • WHO: World health report 2006. Working together for health. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2006
  3. • Buchan J.: Increasing the productivity of an existing "stock" of health workers: review for DFID. London, Department for International Development; 2005.
  4. • Hornby P, Forte P.: Guidelines for introducing human resource indicators to monitor health service performance. Keele, Keele University Centre for Health Planning and Management; 2002.
  5. Adapted from Dieleman M. and Harnmeijer JW.: Improving health worker performance, in search of promising practices. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: KIT; 2006