Table 1 The disease, agent vector, and general geographical distribution of the four reviewed diseases.

Chikungunya

Virus

Mosquito species:

Aedes aegypti/Aedes albopictus

Asia, Africa, islands of the Indian Ocean

Dengue

Virus (genus Flavivirus).

Mosquito species:

Aedes aegypti/Aedes albopictus

South Asia and South East Asia, the Pacific and South and Central America

Visceral Leishmaniasis

Protozoan (various species of the genus Leishmania).

Sandfly: Various species of sandfly (genus Lutzomyia in the New World, and Phlebotomus in the Old World).

South America, East Africa, Mediterranean, South Asia, China

Onchocerciasis

Microfilarial nematode (Species: O. volvulus).

Blackflies of the genus Simulium

99% of cases occur in Africa, mainly in the central belt of Africa from the West to East coast