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Table 6 Determinants of impoverishing health payment

From: Effect of household and village characteristics on financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to health care spending in Western and Central Rural China: A multilevel analysis

Variables

Univariate analysis

Logistic regression

Mixed effected

logistic regression

 

Crude OR

(95% CI)

P-valueΔ

Adjusted OR

(95% CI)

P-valueΔ

Adjusted OR

(95% CI)

P-value**

Village-level variables

      

Village deprivation(Quartile)

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

2nd vs. Lowest deprived

0.9 (0.65-1.25)

 

1.77 (1.11-2.83)

 

1.58(0.87-2.86)

 

3rd vs. Lowest deprived

0.39 (0.27-0.54)

 

0.83 (0.52-1.33)

 

0.81(0.45-1.43)

 

Highest vs. Lowest deprived

0.2 (0.14-0.29)

 

0.39 (0.23-0.64)

 

0.36(0.20-0.66)

 

Availability of health clinic

 

0.109

 

0.722

 

0.7647

Yes vs. No

0.83 (0.66-1.03)

 

0.94 (0.68-1.3)

 

1.06(0.70-1.63)

 

Household-level variables

      

Household per capita income (Quartile)

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

2nd vs. Lowest

0.27 (0.21-0.35)

 

0.25 (0.18-0.35)

 

0.25(0.18-0.34)

 

3rd vs. Lowest

0.07 (0.05-0.1)

 

0.07 (0.04-0.1)

 

0.06(0.04-0.10)

 

Highest vs. Lowest

0.02 (0.01-0.04)

 

0.02 (0.01-0.03)

 

0.02(0.00-0.03)

 

Serious chronic illness proportion

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

≤0.5 vs.0

5.57 (4.34-7.16)

 

3.82 (2.81-5.18)

 

3.88(2.84-5.32)

 

>0.5 vs.0

10.33 (7.28-14.64)

 

6.26 (4-9.79)

 

6.72(4.23-10.67)

 

Member hospitalization

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

Yes vs. No

4.55 (3.6-5.76)

 

4.75 (3.44-6.54)

 

4.94(3.56-6.86)

 

Household size

 

0.123

 

0.929

 

0.968

4-6 vs. ≤3

1.02 (0.82-1.28)

 

0.94 (0.69-1.28)

 

0.96 (0.70-1.32)

 

>6 vs. ≤3

2.39 (1.01-5.67)

 

0.94 (0.31-2.81)

 

0.96 (0.31-3.00)

 

Proportion of members aged over 65

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

 

<0.001*

≤0.5 vs.0

2.37 (1.81-3.1)

 

1.28 (0.9-1.82)

 

1.29(0.90-1.86)

 

>0.5 vs.0

5.1 (3.59-7.24)

 

2.79 (1.69-4.6)

 

3.04(1.81-5.11)

 

Occupation of household head

 

<0.001

 

0.014

 

0.013

Non-farmer vs. Farmer

0.3 (0.16-0.57)

 

0.47 (0.23-0.98)

 

0.46(0.22-0.97)

 

Unemployed vs. Farmer

5.45 (3.78-7.84)

 

1.61 (0.97-2.68)

 

1.50(0.88-2.54)

 

Intraclass correlation (ICC)

     

0.006

  1. * P-value for trend test was <0.05; Δ Likelihood ratio test; ** ANOVA test