Table 3 Awareness of stakeholders about basic health economic principles; level of agreement with statements by stakeholder category (scale responses: 1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree)
Decision-maker | Purchaser of services/pharma products | Professional service provider | Evidence generator | Advocate of health promotion | Total | Kruskal–Wallis test | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statements | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | P value |
‘Incremental costs’ means by how much the studied intervention itself costs more or less than the comparator intervention | 26 | 4.50 (1.77) | 7 | 5.43 (1.90) | 15 | 5.60 (1.64) | 22 | 5.95 (1.50) | 11 | 5.00 (1.84) | 81 | 5.25 (1.76) | 0.027 |
When an intervention in itself is cheap, it is always cost-effective compared to another intervention | 29 | 1.76 (1.15) | 7 | 2.29 (2.22) | 18 | 2.89 (2.14) | 25 | 1.32 (0.75) | 14 | 1.64 (1.50) | 93 | 1.88 (1.53) | 0.027 |
‘Willingness to pay’ means how much a society is willing to pay for a quality-adjusted life year | 26 | 4.19 (1.98) | 7 | 3.86 (2.12) | 15 | 4.87 (0.83) | 22 | 4.64 (2.22) | 10 | 4.40 (1.71) | 80 | 4.44 (1.86) | 0.73 |
My intervention can be cost-effective compared to another intervention, even when its societal costs are higher than the regular care | 28 | 4.93 (1.84) | 7 | 5.43 (2.07) | 18 | 5.50 (1.69) | 25 | 5.80 (1.92) | 13 | 5.46 (1.71) | 91 | 5.40 (1.83) | 0.24 |
From a healthcare payer perspective indirect costs in full (such as 7productivity losses) are included | 27 | 3.30 (2.15) | 7 | 3.14 (2.04) | 18 | 2.94 (2.16) | 23 | 2.96 (2.18) | 10 | 2.50 (2.12) | 85 | 3.02 (2.11) | 0.76 |