Table 3 Numbers of papers finding (dis-)economies of scale in biomedical and health research – by type of research group whose productivity is being analysed
| Â | Individual level (Principal Investigator) | Research Teama | Departmentb | University/Research Institute | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diminishing returns to scale/Diseconomies of scale | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | – | 9 |
Increasing returns to scale/Economies of scale | 1 | 3 | 2 | 9 | – | 15 |
Constant returns to scale | 1 | 3 | 1 | – | 2 | 7 |
Inverse U-shape | – | 2 | – | 1 | – | 3 |
Not clear | 2 | 1 | 3 | – | 2 | 8 |
Sub-total | 6 | 12 | 7 | 13 | 4 | 42 |
Articles that suggest both diseconomies and economies of scale | ||||||
 Multi-product cost functions applied | – | – | – | 4 | – | 4 |
 Other methodology applied | – | 1 | – | 4 | – | 5 |
Total | 6 | 13 | 7 | 21 | 4 | 51 |