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Table 1 Frequency of issues being mentioned in included key publications from PubMed (n = 25)

From: Identifying priority technical and context-specific issues in improving the conduct, reporting and use of health economic evaluation in low- and middle-income countries

Issues

Number of studies in which the issue is mentioned

Technical issues

Poor reporting

9

 Perspective not stated

7

 Methodology not presented in a clear and reproducible manner

2

 Disaggregated result not presented

1

 Funding sources not reported

1

 Ethical issues not discussed

1

Lack of high-quality local clinical data

7

Lack of local utility data

4

Sensitivity analysis not properly characterised

4

Some relevant cost data omitted

3

Incremental analysis not performed

3

Clinical data not based on systematic review

2

Lack of reliable cost data

2

Discounting not performed, if relevant

2

Methodology lacks standard, transparent methods

2

Comparator not appropriate

1

Variations among costs, effects and cost-effectiveness data within and between settings

1

No objective budget constraints or threshold applied

1

No reference case specific to developing contexts

1

Economic evaluation is not included in a formal process to support decision-making process

1

Limited local research capacity

1

Limited local good quality journal with a high standard process of review

1

Misunderstanding between researchers, academia and policy-makers

1