Variable | Description |
---|---|
Individual-level factors | |
Age | Date of birth, age categories |
Race | White, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian, Black, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, other |
Ethnicity | Hispanic/Latino |
Language | English, Spanish, Russian, Vietnamese, Other |
Marital status | Married, single, divorced, widowed |
Household income | < 100% FPL, 100 ≤ 138% FPL, > 138% FPL |
Comorbidity | Charleson Index/number of chronic conditions |
Mental and behavioural health | Number of mental and behavioural health conditions |
Visit frequency | Number of visits per study year |
Contextual/community-level factors – Healthcare services | |
Availability of healthcare services | Physician density, Federally Qualified Health Center density, availability of Planned Parenthood or Title X funded family planning clinics |
Provision of gynaecologic care (clinic level) | CPT codes for colposcopy, endometrial biopsy, LEEP, and/or dilation and curettage within the study period |
Provision of paediatric care (clinic level) | Care of patients under age 18 |
Provision of prenatal care (clinic level) | CPT codes for prenatal care during the study period |
Provision of obstetric care (clinic level) | Any clinic providers performing obstetric delivery |
Contextual/community-level factors – Public policy support | |
Receipt of Title X funding | Clinic receipt of Title X funding during the study period |
State Medicaid expansion [49] | Expansion vs. non-expansion states |
1115 Medicaid Waiver | Presence/absence |
Women’s and children’s health policy | Policies supporting maternal and child health |
Contextual/community-level factors – Demographic and social compositiona | |
Median household income | Geocoded census tract-level median household income (American Community Survey) [50] |
Percent unemployed | Percent unemployed in census tract-level median (American Community Survey) [50] |
Percent living in poverty | Percent living below 100% FPL (American Community Survey) [50] |
Social Deprivation Index | Composite measure of deprivation based on seven demographic characteristics collected in the American Community Survey [51] |