Skip to main content

Table 6 Juxtaposition of the ‘information and communication’ domain and sub-domains of Norris et al.’s [18] framework with Patel et al.’s [19] and Kruse et al.’s [20] elements for community resilience

From: Measuring the resilience of health systems in low- and middle-income countries: a focus on community resilience

Norris framework

Patel framework

Kruse framework

Example of primary indicators

Dynamic attributes of indicators (Robust, Redundant, Rapid)

Robust: resistant to depletion

Redundant: substitutable

Rapid: can be readily accessed

Positive health trajectory?

Whether indicator shows positive influences on health outcomes and the equity of those outcomes

Domains

Sub-domains

Elements that relate to the Norris’ domain and sub-domains

Description of elements that relate to the domain and/or sub-domain

Elements that relate to Norris’s domain and sub-domains

Description of elements that relate to the domain and/or sub-domain

   

Information and Communication

Systems and Infrastructure for Informing the Public

Communication

Involves established infrastructure that could be coordinated in a pre- or post-disaster setting; includes crisis communication, which entails the provision of up-to-date information about the ongoing impact and relief efforts in real-time using traditional and social media

Not applicable

Not applicable

Early warning systems:

Number of community with early warning systems in place [45]

Early warning systems: not robust or redundant but rapid

This indicator may not be robust given that communities with early warning systems in place could be affected by crises, depending on the magnitude of the crisis (not robust); these may not be redundant either given the importance of having these early warning systems to build the resilience of communities (not redundant); however, communities with these early warning systems could be readily accessed if they are not severely affected by the crises (rapid)

No

      

Communication means:

Robust and extended communication means available throughout areas at risk [41]

Communication means: not redundant but robust and rapid

Communication methods can vary and could be resistant to depletion. For example, information available publicly online could be accessed and does not reduce on higher consumption (robust);

these communication means may not be substitutable as these means could be set up to align with the community needs and infrastructure availability (not redundant); if these communication means are not severely hampered, these can be readily accessed and provide valuable information about the impact of crises and relief efforts (rapid)

Yes

 

Communication and Narrative

Communication

Includes risk communication, which deals with the provision of accurate and culturally acceptable information about possible threats

  

Population alerts:

Early warning information and alerts reaching populations at risk [41]

Population alerts: not redundant but robust and rapid

See explanations for the indicator “Robust and extended communication means available throughout areas at risk”

Yes