Table 1 Articles included in scoping review

1. Ahmad M.S. & Abu Talib N.B [45].

Program Sustainability Index

To examine the community empowerment impact on sustainability of community driven projects after decentralization in Pakistan

Pakistan

Primary Care

2. Ahmad M.S. & Abu Talib N.B [46].

Program Sustainability Index

To explore the relationship between community empowerment, sense of community and sustainability of community-driven projects

Pakistan

Primary Care

3. Atkins, S. et al. [47]

Normalisation Process Model (NPM)

To explore staff perceptions of a new TB treatment programme modelled on the antiretroviral treatment (ART) treatment programme. NPM used to highlight the experiences of staff in making the programme work in practice

South Africa

Primary Care

4. Bamford, C. et al. [48]

Normalisation Process Theory

To understand the barriers and facilitators to implementing nutrient- and food-based guidance for residential care homes and inform future implementation

United Kingdom

Tertiary Care

5. Blakeman et al. [49]

Normalisation Process Theory

To explore processes underpinning the normalisation of Chronic Kidney disease management in primary care

United Kingdom

Primary Care

6. Blanchet K et al. [50]

The Sustainability Analysis Process (SAP)

To use the SAP, to clarify the boundaries of systems, define sustainability, and identified sustainability indicators. To compare these definitions and use of sustainability indicators in two rehabilitation sectors

Multiple Countries

Tertiary Care

7. Bocoum et al. [51]

Normalisation Process Model

To describe the facilitators and barriers to the implementation of point of care testing for syphilis in antenatal care to assess the likelihood of the intervention becoming routinely incorporated in practice

Kenya

Primary Care

8. Burau et al. [52]

Normalisation Process Theory

To analyse the implementation of a structural health promotion intervention in community mental health organisations

Denmark

Primary Care

9. Campbell, S. et al. [53]

Gruen’s Model of Health-Programme Sustainability

To understand how hospitals using the Ottawa Model of Smoking Cessation (OMSC) were addressing sustainability and determine if there were critical factors or issues that should be addressed as the program expanded

Canada

Primary Care

10. Chilundo et al. [54]

Shell’s Capacity for Sustainability Framework

To assess the long-term success of integrated community case management (iCCM) of diarrhoea, malaria and pneumonia, by investigating programme characteristics that facilitate or impede its sustainability

Mozambique

Primary Care

11. Coupe, N. et al. [55]

Normalisation Process Theory

To explore to what extent Collaborative Care (CC) impacts on professional working relationships, and if CC for depression could be implemented as routine in the primary care setting

United Kingdom

Primary Care

12. Cramm, J.M. & Nieboer, A.P [56].

Slaghuis’s Framework and Instrument for Sustainability

To identify the predictive role of short- and long-term improvements in quality of chronic care delivery on program sustainability

The Netherlands

Tertiary Care

13. Cramm, J.M. et al. [57]

Slaghuis’s Framework and Instrument for Sustainability

To explore associations between partnership functioning synergy and sustainability of innovative programmes in community care

The Netherlands

Community Care

14. Deconinck et al. [58]

Atun’s Conceptual Framework for Analysing Integration of Targeted Health Interventions into Health Systems

To identify mechanisms promoting or hindering integration of acute malnutrition interventions into a national health system

Niger

Secondary Care

15. Desveaux et al. [59]

Normalisation Process Theory (NPT)

To explore how organizations respond to and interact with an accreditation process and the mechanisms through quality is influenced. NPT constructs used to categories and synthesized the themes emerging from the data

Canada

Multiple Settings

16. Diaz del Castillo [60]

Conceptual Framework for Planning for Sustainability of Community-based Health Programs

To identify the factors related to the sustainability and scaling up of two community-based programs offering physical activity classes in public spaces

Colombia

Community Care

17. Dickinson et al. [61]

Normalisation Process Theory

To explore the views and experiences of dementia care providers on the barriers and facilitators in implementing Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) in usual care

United Kingdom

Tertiary Care

18. Doyle, C. et al. [24]

NHS III Sustainability Model

To describes a formative evaluation of the application of the Sustainability Model within a quality improvement Programme

United Kingdom

Multiple settings

19. Drew, S. et al. [62]

Normalisation Process Theory

To understand how secondary fracture prevention services can be successfully implemented to inform the implementation and integration of these services into practice

United Kingdom

Secondary Care

20. Dugdale et al. [63]

Normalisation Process Model

To investigate how a treatment programme for substance misuse is embedded as normal practice within Crime Reduction Initiatives

United Kingdom

Community Care

21. Farr et al. [64]

Normalisation Process Theory

To analyse the implementation and acceptability of the eConsult system from patient and staff perspectives using the NPT as a framework to develop coding

Australia

Primary Care

22. Fleiszer, A. et al. [65]

Fleiszer’s Framework for the Sustainability of Healthcare Innovations

To understand how a nursing best practice guidelines program was sustained on acute healthcare centre nursing units. To guide data collection and content analysis

Canada

Tertiary Care

23. Ford, J.H. et al. [66]

NHS III Sustainability Model

To measure the sustained use of Family Care Maps within Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centres

United States

Tertiary Care

24. Fox et al. [67]

Fox’s Sustainability of Innovation Theoretical Framework

To guide data collection, analysis and reporting

Australia

Primary Care

25. Franx et al. [68]

Normalisation Process Theory

To provide a better understanding of the findings the process evaluation and guide recommendations to conduct implementation projects in depression care

The Netherlands

Primary Care

26. Furler et al. [69]

Normalisation Process Model

To support analysis of data and develop initial coding categories

Australia

Primary Care

27. Gask et al. [70]

Normalisation Process Model

To inform the process of implementation of collaborative care and provide a framework to guide analysis

United Kingdom

Primary Care

28. Gillespie et al. [71]

Normalisation Process Theory

To provide an explanatory model to explore and evaluate the implementation of a complex intervention in the Operating Room (OR) context

Australia

Primary Care

29. Glynn et al. [72]

Normalisation Process Theory

To conduct a theoretically informed analysis, using NPT, of the potential barriers and levers to the implementation of a health intervention to promote physical activity in primary care

Ireland

Primary Care

30. Godden & King [73]

Normalisation Process Model

To explore how successful implementation of proposed new technologies could be achieved through analysis using the NPT

United Kingdom

Primary Care

31. Green A.E. et al. [74]

Program Sustainability Index

To examine the role of collaborations in sustaining service delivery

United States

Primary Care

32. Herbert et al. [75]

Normalisation Process Theory

To gain an understanding of the facilitating factors and challenges of implementing the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programme using NPT to the develop the interview topic guide and to aid analysis

United Kingdom

Tertiary Care

33. Higuchi, K.S. et al. [76]

NHS III Sustainability Model

To examine the activities and resource implications for healthcare organisations involved in the introduction of multiple nursing guidelines, the Sustainability Model provided a framework to guide the examination of guideline implementation activities

Canada

Multiple settings

34. Hooker, L. et al. [77]

Normalisation Process Theory

To understand the barriers and facilitators of implementing an enhanced screening model into nurse clinical practice, NPT was used to inform the process evaluation of a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial

Australia

Primary Care

35. Ibrahim et al. [78]

Normalisation Process Theory

To evaluate the implementation of grip strength measurement into routine clinical practice. NPT offered a framework for identifying specific factors that enabled implementation

United Kingdom

Primary Care

36. Johnson et al. [79]

Normalisation Process Theory

To improve the nutritional care of preterm infants by developing a complex (multifaceted) intervention. NPT used as a framework to guide implementation in order to embed the new practices into routine care.

United Kingdom

Tertiary Care

37. Kennedy et al. [80]

Normalisation Process Theory

To refine components of the Whole System Informing Self-management Engagement (WISE) approach. NPT provided a framework for further development of the intervention

United Kingdom

Primary Care

28. Latter et al. [81]

Normalisation Process Theory

To develop a pain medicines management intervention for cancer patients’ carers and evaluate feasibility and acceptability to nurses and carers. Interview guides were informed by NPT

United Kingdom

Primary Care

39. Leon, N. et al. [82]

Normalisation Process Model

To inform theoretical analysis of the implementation processes for Provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling (PITC) with a view to improving the optimisation of PITC scale-up in the future. NPM provided a framework to inform analysis of the implementation processes

South Africa

Primary Care

40. Levin et al. [83]

The ARCC (Advancing Research and Clinical practice through close Collaboration) model

To determine the preliminary effects of implementing the Advancing Research and Clinical practice through close Collaboration (ARCC) model on nurses’ EBP beliefs, EBP implementation behaviours, group cohesion, productivity, job satisfaction, and attrition/turnover rates

United States

Primary Care

41. Lloyd, A. et al. [84]

Normalisation Process Theory

To use NPT to examine the work that needs to be done by health professionals to inform future efforts to implement and embed shared decision making

United Kingdom

Secondary Care

42. Mair et al. [85]

Normalisation Process Model

To perform a process evaluation of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of home telecare for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), using the normalization process model (NPM) as an explanatory framework

United Kingdom

Primary Care

43. May et al. [86]

Normalisation Process Theory

To identify factors inhibiting the implementation and integration of telecare systems for chronic disease management in the community.

United Kingdom

Primary Care

44. Moreland-Russel et al. [87]

Program Sustainability Assessment Tool

To identify factors that influenced the sustainability capacity of a coordinated approach to chronic disease prevention

United States

Multiple Settings

45. Murray et al. [88]

Normalisation Process Theory

To explore and understand the experiences of implementing e-health initiatives and assess factors which promote or inhibit the successful implementation, embedding, and integration of e-health initiatives

United Kingdom

Multiple Settings

46. Naldemirci et al. [89]

Normalisation Process Theory

To analyse emergent strategies adopted by healthcare professionals to overcome barriers to normalization of a specific framework of person-centred care (PCC). NPT used to analyse different challenges and strategies in a systematic fashion

Sweden

Primary Care

47. O’Donnell and Kaner [90]

Normalisation Process Theory

NPT used to help understand the barriers and facilitators experienced by GPs as they implemented alcohol prevention activities in routine clinical practice

United Kingdom

Primary Care

48. O’Donnell et al. [91]

Normalisation Process Theory

To describe and reflect on the process of designing and delivering a training programme supporting the use of theory. NPT used to shape the study approach, facilitate data collection and guide the analysis

Multiple Countries

Multiple Settings

49. Pentecost et al. [92]

Normalisation Process Theory

To identify a set of principles that can be built into an innovative fundamental nursing care protocol to embed the system into nursing practice. NPT used in analysis to map process data onto NPT concepts

United Kingdom

Nursing Education

50. Redman & Barab [93]

Level of Institutionalisation Scale

To measure the amount of routinization of diabetes education programs Maryland and Pennsylvania hospitals

United States

Secondary Care

51. Sanders et al. [94]

Normalisation Process Theory

NPT was used to guide analysis and explain the uptake of a new system and to examine the relevance of coherence for the implementation of innovations in organisations

United Kingdom

Primary Care

52. Scott et al. [95]

Conceptual Framework for Sustainability of Public Health Programs

The framework was used to inform the design of a sustainable, locally acceptable and culturally appropriate public health program using stakeholder input on factors that affect program sustainability

Zambia

Community Care

53. Scudder et al. [96]

Program Sustainability Assessment Tool

To examine factors impacting the sustainability of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) in large-scale initiatives in order to identify potential predictors of sustainment

United States

Multiple Settings

54. Smith et al. [97]

Program Sustainability Assessment Tool

To examine how funding influenced the delivery of fall prevention strategies and the capacity for program implementation and sustainability among the three organisations.

United States

Multiple Settings

55. Stoll et al. [98]

Program Sustainability Assessment Tool

To understand the factors that influenced the programs’ expected sustainability of the programs after external funding ended

United States

Primary Care

56. Stolldorf et al. [99]

Level of Institutionalisation Scale

To determine the level of sustainability of rapid response teams (RRTs) among a group of hospitals that participated in a state-wide collaborative to implement and sustain RRTs

United States

Secondary Care

57. Sutton et al. [100]

Normalisation Process Theory

To explore the utility of NPT as a methodological framework to aid exploration of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programme implementation

United Kingdom

Tertiary Care

58. Thomas, L.H. et al. [101]

Normalisation Process Theory

To identify the organisational context for embedding the (Systematic Voiding Programme) SVP. NPT provided the theoretical framework for understanding practical issues involved in the interventions into routine practice

United Kingdom

Secondary Care

59. Toledo Romanib et al. [102]

Level of Institutionalisation Scale

To evaluate the sustainability of a community-based dengue control intervention over a period of 2 years after the withdrawal of external support

Cuba

Primary Care

60. Trietsch, J. et al. [103]

Normalisation Process Theory

To describe and analyse the challenges of embedding a quality improvement strategy to improve test-ordering behaviour of general practitioners

The Netherlands

Primary Care

61. Underwood, M.N. et al. [104]

Leffer’s Conceptual Framework for Partnership and Sustainability

To assess equitable partnerships between global partners to address areas of shared importance, such as equity and justice in health promotion

Dominican Republic

Nursing Education

62. Upvall et al. [105]

Leffer’s Conceptual Framework for Partnership and Sustainability

The purpose of this study was to revise a conceptual model of global health partnerships and collaboration integrating the perspectives of nurses from low- and middle-resource countries

Multiple Countries

Nursing Education

63. Van Acker et al. [106]

Level of Institutionalisation Scale

To explore the extent to which the ‘10,000 Steps’ was integrated within the culture of organizations

Belgium

Primary Care

64. Volker et al. [107]

Normalisation Process Theory

To determine the feasibility of translating intervention outcomes from the Model for Prevention study, into real world practice, implementation work done by stakeholders was examined using the NPT

Australia

Primary Care

65. Walker et al. [108]

Normalisation Process Theory

To support the development and optimisation of a Colorectal cancer RISk Prediction tool (‘CRISP’) for use in primary care. NPT used to develop interview guide and organise emerging themes

Australia

Primary Care

66. Wallen et al. [109]

The ARCC (Advancing Research and Clinical practice through close Collaboration) model

To guide for the development of a programme for nurses to become Evidence-based Practice mentors and champions. The ARCC model provided a framework for the development of the programme.

United States

Secondary Care

67. Winterton and Chambers [110]

Conceptual Framework for Planning for Sustainability of Community-based Health Programs

To explore barriers to delivering sustainable rural community programmes to increase social participation among Australian seniors

Australia

Community Care

68. Zakumumpa et al. [111]

Level of Institutionalisation Scale

To identify facilitators and barriers to the long-term sustainability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs at six health facilities

Uganda

Primary Care