Table 3 Study results

Chad

Identifying implementation facilitators/ barriers; assessing or testing implementation strategies

N/A

Demand-side barriers: mistrust of the expanded programme on immunization and polio vaccination services; health systems issues; concerns related to potential harm of vaccines

OneHealth strategy; tailored communication strategy

Ethiopia

Describing a vaccine-related problem; identifying implementation facilitators/barriers; exploring potential implementation strategies

Use of data in immunization programme

Supply-side barriers: awareness gaps; lack of motivating incentives; irregularity of supportive supervision; lack of community engagement in health report verification; poor technical capacity of health providers

Community engagement

Ethiopia

Describing a vaccine-related problem; identifying implementation facilitators/barriers

Vaccine-related transfer system

Supply-side barriers: no working feedback system; transfer process lacked uniformity; various approaches used by health facilities that were not systematic

N/A

India

Describing a vaccine-related problem; identifying implementation facilitators/barriers

Vaccine hesitancy; trust deficit

Demand-side barriers: patriarchal societal norms; social media influences; vaccine-critical views among practitioners of alternate systems of medicine

Supply-side barriers: lack of adequate technical knowledge among frontline healthcare providers

N/A

Nigeria

Assessing or testing implementation strategies

N/A

N/A

Participatory action research approach

Nigeria

Identifying implementation facilitators/barriers; exploring potential implementation strategies

N/A

Demand-side barriers: male child preference; patriarchy; safety concerns; religious concerns; anti-vaccine misinformation and rumors; low perception of effectiveness/efficacy of vaccines; inaccessibility of localities; low health literacy and superstitious beliefs; traditional control mechanisms; religious beliefs

Demand-side facilitators: institution of village head/town crier; existence of change agents; traditional control mechanisms; religion

Engagement of community service organizations

Nigeria

Identifying implementation facilitators/barriers

N/A

Demand-side barriers: lack of awareness/percieved benefit; role of husband and parent in-laws; competing demand occasioned by insurgency; language barriers; suspicion of vaccines

N/A

Pakistan

Describing a vaccine-related problem; identifying implementation facilitators/barriers; exploring potential implementation strategies

Vaccination in urban slums

Demand-side barriers: household barriers; lack of knowledge and awareness; misconceptions and fears regarding vaccines; social and cultural barriers; religious beliefs

Supply-side barriers: underperformance of staff; inefficient funds utilization; unreliable immunization and household data; interference of polio campaigns with routine immunization

Six-step validated framework for immunization services in urban slums

Uganda

Describing a vaccine-related problem; identifying implementation facilitators/barriers

Microplanning process

Supply-side barriers: knowledge gaps; limited information available; bulky and complex tool; overtasked health providers

N/A

Uganda

Describing a vaccine-related problem; identifying implementation facilitators/barriers; exploring implementation strategies

District-level leadership in immunization programmes

Supply-side barriers: lack of participation in planning; no proper coordination

Sector-wide and intersectoral coordination of funds and activities

Vietnam

Describing a vaccine-related problem; identifying implementation facilitators/barriers

Immunization system

Demand-side barriers: perceptions of adverse reactions; limited knowledge

Supply-side barriers: no legal framework; out-of-date immunization schedule; inappropriate distribution and administration of vaccines

N/A