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Table 1 Demographic variables and primary care access by Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion status, 2012–2015

From: Measuring the impact of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion on access to primary care using an interrupted time series approach

Demographic variablesa

NMEb states

MEc states

p-value

Access to care (n, %)

 Preventable hospitalizations

1,096,631 (52.1)

1,006,483 (47.9)

0.2670

State population

18–64 years old

6,127,025

6,191,002

0.8776

Race (%)

 Minorities

41.7

38.9

0.9457

Education (%)

 High school graduate

87.3

86.1

0.0676

 Bachelor’s degree

27.4

30.2

0.0194

Income ($)

 MHI

49,006

56,240

0.0005

 Per capita income

26,381

29,865

0.0194

Poverty (%)

 Below FPL

15.3

15.6

0.1704

 Income < 10 k

7.2

7.6

0.2244

 Food stamps

14.0

13.5

0.2546

 Unemployment

7.0

7.2

0.2595

Healthcare delivery characteristics

 Physician fee index ($)d

0.60

0.58

0.8029

 Medicaid $ per enrollee ($)e

3,336

5,120

 < 0.0001

 Income eligibility, FPL (%)f

80.6

124.1

 < 0.0001

Governor political affiliation

 Democratic

0 (0.0)

27 (100.0)

 < 0.0001

 Republican

62 (64.6)

34 (35.4)

 

Control of state legislature

 Democratic

0 (0.0)

45 (100.0)

 < 0.0001

 Republican

62 (79.5)

16 (20.5)

 
  1. Italic values are significant values
  2. at-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables
  3. bNME: Non-Medicaid expansion states include South Carolina, Wisconsin, Georgia, and Florida
  4. cME: Medicaid expansion states include Arizona, Kentucky, New Jersey, and New York
  5. dMedicaid-to-Medicare fee index
  6. eMedicaid spending per enrollee
  7. fAverage of pre- and post-ACA FPL Medicaid income eligibility limits for parents of dependent children (in a family of three)