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Table 2 Annual cost (in USD 2018) to a patient/household per disease area by country income categorization (n = 41)

From: The household financial burden of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Disease group

Country income level

Average annual costs (2018 US dollars)

Direct medical costs

Direct nonmedical costs

Indirect costs

Total

Number of articles included in the analysis

Amount

Number of articles included in the analysis

Amount

Number of articles included in the analysis

Amount

Diabetes

Upper-middle-income countries

4

505.02

2

10.37

2

89.34

604.73

Lower-middle-income countries

12

546.93

10

479.91

7

75.97

1102.82

Low-income countries

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Total (LMIC)

16

536.46

12

401.66

9

78.94

1017.05

Cancers

Upper-middle-income countries

5

3387.85

4

1042.73

3

333.07

4763.65

Lower-middle-income countries

9

1051.70

5

475.18

3

276.16

2084.13

Low-income countries

1

258.72

1

44.49

1

316.67

619.88

Total (LMIC)

15

2051.02

10

823.91

7

428.87

3303.81

CVD

Upper-middle-income countries

3

720.49

3

1606.59

2

9447.51

11,774.60

Lower-middle-income countries

2

6230.04

1

1645.66

1

3538.05

11,413.75

Low-income-countries

4

407.61

4

98.16

4

329.40

835.17

Total (LMIC)

9

1805.78

8

857.26

7

3392.95

6055.99

COPD

Upper-middle-income countries

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Lower-middle-income countries

1

5914.11

1

1472.60

0

0.00

7386.71

Low-income-countries

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Total (LMIC)

1

5914.11

1

1472.60

0

0.00

7386.71

  1. LMIC low- and middle-income countries