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Table 5 Trends of fiscal space indicators across political regimes (as a % of GDP)

From: Exploring the possible sources of fiscal space for health in India: insights from political regimes

Fiscal space indicators

NDA1

1998–2003

UPA1

2004–2008

UPA2

2009–2013

NDA2

2014–2020

Revenue mobilization

    

 Central tax revenue

3.2

5.4

7.3

9.1

 Central nontax revenue

1.4

1.4

1.8

1.9

 State tax revenue

2.7

3.9

6.2

8.5

 State nontax revenue

0.7

1.0

1.2

1.5

 Grants from the centre

0.8

1.4

2.0

3.6

 Share in central tax

1.2

1.9

2.8

4.8

Expenditure prioritization

    

 Developmental expenditure

7.2

9.9

16.0

21.5

 Non-developmental expenditure

6.6

8.1

11.2

14.7

 Health expenditure

0.5

0.5

0.7

1.3

 Subsidies

0.7

1.1

2.4

2.4

 Defence expenditure

1.1

1.4

1.9

2.1

 Administrative services

0.6

0.6

1.0

1.3

 Pension and misc. general services

0.7

0.9

1.5

2.2

 Interest payments

2.3

2.4

3.2

4.2

Borrowings

    

 Gross fiscal deficit

4.6

4.2

7.5

8.6

 External liabilities of the centre

4.3

3.3

3.5

3.7

 Domestic liabilities of centre and states

34.9

48.1

63.9

90.6

  1. NDA National Democratic Alliance; UPA United Progressive Alliance government