Table 5 Associations between location of authoring organization and perceived quality, stratified by sector of authoring organization

Donor organizations (financial authority)

 Intervention

 Location of authoring organization

  Europe or North America

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Africa

0.510

[0.061 to 0.960]

0.027*

 Confounding variable

 Prior knowledge of the organization

  Does not know the organization

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Knows the organization

0.413

[−0.473 to 1.300]

0.350

 Experience in the profession

0.084

[−0.180 to 0.348]

0.520

 Gender

  Male

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Female

−0.171

[−0.658 to 0.317]

0.482

 Profession

  Health professionals

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Other

−0.523

[−1.256 to 0.211]

0.157

  Coordination/management of programmes

−0.209

[−0.871 to 0.454]

0.454

  Research professionals

−0.591

[−1.441 to 0.260]

0.260

 Level of study

  University level less than or equal to first cycle

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  University level second cycle (MD)

0.505

[−0.231 to 1.241]

0.172

  University level postgraduate (PhD)

0.582

[−0.148 to 1.312]

0.114

 Region of graduation

  Europe or North America

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Africa

0.377

[−0.130 to 0.883]

0.140

Value

R²

0.337

Adjusted R²

0.141

Regional offices of international organization (moral authority)

 Intervention

 Location of authoring organization

  Europe or North America

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Africa

0.581

[−0.093 to 1.256]

0.089

 Confounding variable

 Prior knowledge of the organization

  Does not know the organization

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Knows the organization

0.123

[−0.763 to 1.008]

0.780

 Experience in the profession

−0.361

[−0.714 to −0.009]

0.045*

 Gender

  Male

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Female

−0.655

[−1.287 to −0.024]

0.042*

 Profession

  Health professionals

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Other

0.207

[−1.062 to 1.477]

0.742

  Coordination/management of programmes

−0.590

[−1.612 to 0.442]

0.255

  Research professionals

−0.694

[−1.718 to 0.330]

0.177

 Level of study

  University level less than or equal to first cycle

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  University level second cycle (MD)

0.247

[−0.641 to 1.135]

0.576

  University level postgraduate (PhD)

−0.590

[−1.454 to 0.274]

0.174

 Region of graduation

  Europe or North America

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Africa

0.655

[−0.982 to 1.409]

0.086

Value

R²

0.506

Adjusted R²

0.361

Universities (scientific authority)

 Intervention

 Location of authoring organization

  Europe or North America

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Africa

−0.886

[−1.361 to −0.412]

0001*

 Confounding variable

 Prior knowledge of the organization

  Does not know the organization

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Knows the organization

0.210

[−0.280 to 0.700]

0.393

 Experience in the profession

−0.124

[−0.334 to 0.086]

0.239

 Gender

  Male

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Female

−0.056

[−0.629 to 0.516]

0.843

 Profession

  Health professionals

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Other

−0.505

[−1.327 to 0.317]

0.222

  Coordination/management of programmes

−0.289

[−1.045 to 0.467]

0.446

  Research professionals

−0.287

[−1.101 to 0.438]

0.429

 Level of study

  University level less than or equal to first cycle

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  University level second cycle (MD)

−0.450

[−1.323 to 0.425]

0.305

  University level postgraduate (PhD)

−0.910

[−1.811 to −0.010]

0.048*

 Region of graduation

  Europe or North America

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Africa

−0.039

[−0.639 to 0.560]

0.896

Value

R²

0.375

Adjusted R²

0.230