Table 2 Correlation of health systems and GHS factors with cumulative cases and deaths per million population

Health service delivery

Number of inpatient beds per 10,000 population

143

0.3283

0.0001

0.2475

0.0029

Health workforce

Number of health workers per 10,000 population

33

0.3657

0.0364

0.3565

0.0417

Annual number of graduates (doctors) of health professions educational institutions per 100,000 population

34

0.1264

0.4762

0.104

0.5583

Annual number of graduates (Nurses) of health professions educational institutions per 100,000 population

33

− 0.0985

0.5856

− 0.3128

0.0763

Doctor population ratio (per 10,000 pop)

165

0.5911

 < 0.001

0.5465

 < 0.001

Nursing and midwifery personnel (per 10,000 pop)

164

0.5373

 < 0.001

0.4365

 < 0.001

Health information

Civil registration coverage of births (%)

152

0.5829

 < 0.001

0.5175

 < 0.001

Civil registration coverage of cause of death (%)

109

0.138

0.1526

0.1462

0.1292

Ill defined causes in cause of death registration (%)

90

0.1114

0.2958

0.0183

0.8643

Essential medicines

Median availability of selected generic medicines in public health facilities (2007–13)

38

0.2757

0.0939

0.2084

0.2092

Median availability of selected generic medicines in private health facilities

41

0.2986

0.0579

0.2442

0.1238

Health financing

Current health expenditure (as % of GDP) (2017)

162

0.3443

 < 0.001

0.3984

 < 0.001

Domestic general government health expenditure as % of GDP (2017)

163

0.2321

0.0029

0.3133

 < 0.001

General government expenditure on health as a proportion of general government expenditure

123

0.4017

 < 0.001

0.4384

 < 0.001

Out-of-pocket payments for health (% of current expenditure on health)

164

− 0.2315

0.0029

− 0.1303

0.0963

Global health security indicators (all scores out of 100)

Prevention of emergence or release of pathogens

170

0.4334

 < 0.001

0.4344

0 < 0.001

Early detection and reporting for epidemics of potential international concern

170

0.3283

 < 0.001

0.3513

 < 0.001

Rapid response to and mitigation of the spread of an epidemic

170

0.3347

−  < 0.001

0.3191

 < 0.001

Sufficient and robust health system to treat the sick and protect health workers

170

0.4776

 < 0.001

0.4471

 < 0.001

Commitment to improving national capacity, financing and adherence to norms

170

0.1145

0.137

0.1504

0.0502

Overall risk environment and country vulnerability to biological threats

170

0.5826

 < 0.001

0.4631

 < 0.001

Overall score- global health security

170

0.4637

 < 0.001

0.4424

 < 0.001

Socio demographic factors

Female literacy rate

76

0.29

0.0111

0.1695

0.1432

Proportion of people aged 60 years or more

98

− 0.2912

0.0036

− 0.4059

 < 0.001

Proportion of people below poverty line

78

− 0.1085

0.3444

0.1069

0.3515

Governance

Voice and accountability

125

0.279

0.0016

0.2485

0.0052

Political stability

126

0.1551

0.083

-0.049

0.5855

Government effectiveness

124

0.3359

0.0001

0.1833

0.0416

Regulatory quality

124

0.3977

 < 0.001

0.2706

0.0024

Rule of law

124

0.32.3

0.0003

0.1277

0.1576

Control of corruption

124

0.2711

0.0023

0.0957

0.2903