Table 3 Multivariable analysis on health systems and GHS predictors of cumulative COVID-19 cases per million population

Number of inpatient beds per 10,000 population

− 118.39 (− 150.86, − 85.92); < 0.001

Number of health workers per 10,000 population

70.11 (10.43, 129.78); 0.025

Doctor population ratio (per 10,000 pop)

364.8 (297.88, 431.72); < 0.001

Overall score- global health security

569.16 (169.43, 968.89); 0.01

Civil registration coverage of births (%)

− 98.77 (− 162.02, − 35.53); 0.006

Prevention of emergence or release of pathogens

− 273.81 (− 464.31, − 83.32); 0.009

Domestic general government health expenditure as % of GDP (2017)

− 102.6 (− 163.4, − 41.79); 0.003

General government expenditure on health as a proportion of general government expenditure

340.66 (93.71, 587.61); 0.01

Early detection and reporting for epidemics of potential international concern

− 231.52 (− 378.88, − 84.17); < 0.001