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Table 1 Distribution of the included studies by geographical coverage and data sources used (sorted by number of studies by country)

From: Financial risk protection from out-of-pocket health spending in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the literature

Panel A: Single-country studies (n = 145)

Country

Income group, region a

Total population in 2020 b

Studies reviewed

Number of studies reviewed

Data source

Millions

%

n

%

India

LwMIC, SA

1380.0

26.3

[71]; [50]; [51]; [72]; [73]; [48]; [49]; [74]; [75]; [76]; [77]; [78]; [44]; [79]; [80]; [35]; [81]; [82]; [33]; [83]; [84]; [85]; [86]; [87]; [88]; [89]; [41]; [90]; [91]; [92]; [93]; [94]; [95]; [96]; [57]

35

24.1

National Sample Survey, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1999/2000, 2004, 2004/05, 2011/12, 2014, 2017/18; Indian Human Development Survey, 2004/05, 2011/12; World Health Organization’s (WHO) Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) India*, 2007/08

China

UMIC, EAP

1402.1

26.7

[97]; [98]; [99]; [100]; [64]; [101]; [102]; [103]; [63]; [104]; [36]; [66]; [105]; [106]; [107]; [108]; [65]; [109]; [110]; [111]; [112]; [39]; [113]

23

15.9

China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study*, 2011, 2013, 2015; National Health Services Survey, 2003, 2008, 2013; China Family Panel Studies*, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018; China Household Finance Survey*, 2015, 2017; National Oral Health Survey, 2005; Dataset for the study ‘Evaluating Social Policy Supporting System for Vulnerable Families in Urban and Rural China’, 2014

Iran, Islamic Rep

LwMIC, MENA

84.0

1.6

[114]; [115]; [116]; [117]; [118]; [119]; [120]; [56]; [58]; [121]

10

6.9

Households Income and Expenditure Survey, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2003 – 2017

Ghana

LwMIC, SSA

31.1

0.6

[52]; [122]; [123]; [124]; [125]; [126]

6

4.1

Ghana Living Standard Survey, 1991/92, 1998/99, 2005/06, & 2012/13; First National Tuberculosis Patient Cost Survey, 2016

Bangladesh

LwMIC, SA

164.7

3.1

[127]; [128]; [129]; [130]; [131]

5

3.4

Household Expenditure Survey, 1991/92, 1995/96; Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2016; Urban Health Expenditure Survey, 2011; Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey, 2011/12

Kenya

LwMIC, SSA

53.8

1.0

[132]; [20]; [133]; [38]; [59]

5

3.4

Kenya Household Expenditure and Utilization Survey, 2003, 2007, 2013, 2018

Vietnam

LwMIC, EAP

97.3

1.9

[46]; [54]; [134]; [62]

4

2.8

Household Living Standards Survey, 2012, 2014, 2016; First National Tuberculosis Patient Cost Survey, 2016

Mexico

UMIC, LAC

128.9

2.5

[12]; [135]; [61]

3

2.1

Mexican National Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, & 2010; Survey of Health and Nutrition (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutricion, ENSANUT), 2006, 2012

Ethiopia

LIC, SSA

115.0

2.2

[136]; [137]; [138]

3

2.1

Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2010/11, 2015/16; Household Welfare Monitoring Survey 2015/16; National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey, 2010/11

Myanmar

LwMIC, EAP

54.4

1.0

[139]; [140]; [7]

3

2.1

World Health Survey, 2002/03; Integrated Household Living Condition Assessment, 2009/10; Poverty and Living Conditions Survey, 2015

Nepal

LwMIC, SA

29.1

0.6

[141]; [42]; [142]

3

2.1

Living Standards Survey, 1995, 2010/11,

Malawi

LIC, SSA

19.1

0.4

[143]; [144]; [145]

3

2.1

Integrated Household Survey, 2010/11, 2016/17

Cambodia

LwMIC, EAP

16.7

0.3

[40]; [146]; [147]

3

2.1

Cambodian Socio-Econoamic Survey, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Mongolia

LwMIC, EAP

3.3

0.1

[148]; [43]; [149]

3

2.1

Household Socio-Economic Survey, 2012

Indonesia

LwMIC, EAP

273.5

5.2

[150]; [151]

2

1.4

Indonesian Family Life Survey*, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2007, 2014

Nigeria

LwMIC, SSA

206.1

3.9

[152]; [153]

2

1.4

Harmonized Nigeria Living Standard Survey, 2008/09, 2009/10

Turkey

UMIC, ECA

84.3

1.6

[154]; [155]

2

1.4

Household Budget Surveys, 2004 – 2010, 201, 2014, 2016

Thailand

UMIC, EAP

69.8

1.3

[156]; [55]

2

1.4

Household Socio-Economic Surveys, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015; Health and Welfare Survey, 2015

Colombia

UMIC, LAC

50.9

1.0

[60]; [157]

2

1.4

National Health Survey, 2007; Quality of Life National Survey, 2011

Uganda

LIC, SSA

45.7

0.9

[158]; [159]

2

1.4

National Household Survey, 2005/06, 2009/10, 2012/13, 2016/17

Peru

UMIC, LAC

33.0

0.6

[34]; [53]

2

1.4

National Household Survey on Living Conditions (Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, ENAHO), 2008, 2016, 2017

Zimbabwe

LwMIC, SSA

14.9

0.3

[160]; [45]

2

1.4

National Household Survey, 2016; Health Facility-based Survey on Tuberculosis Patients, 2018

Pakistan

LwMIC, SA

220.9

4.2

[161]

1

0.7

Household Integrated Economic Survey, 2015/16

Brazil

UMIC, LAC

212.6

4.0

[162]

1

0.7

Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (Estudo Longitudinal de Saude dos Idosos Brasileiros, ELSI) *, 2015/16

Philippines

LwMIC, EAP

109.6

2.1

[163]

1

0.7

Family Income and Expenditure Surveys, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, & 2012

South Africa

UMIC, SSA

59.3

1.1

[164]

1

0.7

Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) South Africa*, 2007/08

Argentina

UMIC, LAC

45.4

0.9

[165]

1

0.7

National Survey of Household Expenditure 2012/13

Sudan

LIC, SSA

43.8

0.8

[166]

1

0.7

National Baseline Household Survey, 2009

Iraq

UMIC, MENA

40.2

0.8

[167]

1

0.7

Household Socio-Economic Survey, 2006/07, & 2012

Afghanistan

LIC, SA

38.9

0.7

[168]

1

0.7

Living Conditions Survey, 2016/17

Morocco

LwMIC, MENA

36.9

0.7

[169]

1

0.7

National Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey, 2013/14

Zambia

LwMIC, SSA

18.4

0.3

[170]

1

0.7

Household Health Expenditure and Utilisation Survey, 2014

Senegal

LwMIC, SSA

16.7

0.3

[171]

1

0.7

Poverty Monitoring Survey, 2011

Tunisia

LwMIC, MENA

11.8

0.2

[172]

1

0.7

National Budget and Consumption Survey, 2000, 2005, & 2010

Haiti

LwMIC, LAC

11.4

0.2

[32]

1

0.7

Household Living Conditions survey (Enquete sur les Conditions de Vie des Menages Apres Seisme, ECVMAS), 2012 & 2013

Sierra Leone

LIC, SSA

8.0

0.2

[173]

1

0.7

Integrated Household Survey, 2003 & 2011

Lao PDR

LwMIC, EAP

7.3

0.1

[174]

1

0.7

National Survey on Tuberculosis Patients, 2016

Kyrgyz Republic

LwMIC, ECA

6.6

0.1

[175]

1

0.7

Integrated Household Surveys*, 2012 – 2018

Liberia

LIC, SSA

5.1

0.1

[9]

1

0.7

Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2014

Jamaica

UMIC, LAC

3.0

0.1

[176]

1

0.7

Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions, 1996 -2002, 2004, 2006 – 2010, 2012

Kosovo

UMIC, ECA

1.8

0.0

[177]

1

0.7

Household Budget Survey, 2014

Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)

LwMIC, SSA

1.2

0.0

[178]

1

0.7

Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2009/10

Total

42 countries:

LIC = 7

LwMIC = 23 UMIC = 12

EAP = 9

ECA = 3

LAC = 7

MENA = 4

SA = 5

SSA = 14

5256.6

LIC = 275.6

LwMIC = 2849.7

UMIC = 2131.3

100.0

5.3

54.2

40.5

145 studies:

2015 publications = 8 (5.5%)

2016 publications = 11 (7.6%)

2017 publications = 15 (10.3%)

2018 publications = 31 (21.4%)

2019 publications = 24 (16.6%)

2020 publications = 29 (20.0%)

2021 publications = 27 (18.6%)

145 studies:

LIC = 12

LwMIC = 93 UMIC = 40

100.0

8.3

64.1

27.6

Data year range: 1991/92 – 2017/18

Latest data years:

2007/08–2009/10: 4 countries (LIC = 1, LwMIC = 2, UMIC = 1)

2010/11–2014/15: 17 countries (LIC = 2, LwMIC = 9, UMIC = 6)

2015/16–2017/18: 21 countries (LIC = 4, LwMIC = 12, UMIC = 5)

Panel B: Multi-country studies (n = 10)

Countries

Income group, region a

Studies reviewed

Data sources

    

122 countries

122 countries from all WB income groups, and geographic regions

[19]

Household surveys, 1984–2015

    

111 countries

111 countries from all WB income groups, and geographic regions

[179]

Household surveys, 2005–2014

    

Latin American countries including 15 LMICs

LwMIC, LAC (Bolivia, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua)

UMIC, LAC (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru)

HIC, LAC (Chile, Uruguay)

[180]

Household surveys, 1990–2013

    

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Timor-Leste

LwMIC, EAP (Timor-Leste)

LwMIC, SA (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka)

UMIC, EAP (Thailand); UMIC, SA (Maldives)

[181]

Household surveys: Bangladesh (2010), Bhutan (2012), India (2011/12), Maldives (2009), Nepal (2014), Sri Lanka (2012), Thailand (2015), and Timor-Leste (2015)

    

China, Ghana, India, Mexico, the Russian Federation, and South Africa

LwMIC, SA (India)

LwMIC, SSA (Ghana)

UMIC, EAP (China)

UMIC, LAC (Mexico)

UMIC, ECA (Russian Federation)

UMIC, SSA (South Africa)

[182]

World Health Organisation's Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (WHO SAGE) * wave 2007–2010

    

Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka

LwMIC, SA (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka)

[183]

World Health Survey, 2002/03

    

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan

LIC, SA (Afghanistan)

LwMICs, SA (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan)

[184]

Household surveys: Afghanistan (2014), Bangladesh (2010), India (2012), Nepal (2014), and Pakistan (2014)

    

Egypt, Jordan, and West Bank, and Gaza

LwMIC, MENA (Egypt, West Bank, and Gaza)

UMIC, MENA (Jordan)

[185]

Household surveys: Egypt (2010/2011); Jordan (2010); West Bank and Gaza (2010)

    

China, and India

LwMIC, SA (India)

UMIC, EAP (China)

[186]

World Health Organisation's Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (WHO SAGE) *, wave 2007–2010

    

China, and India

LwMIC, SA (India)

UMIC, EAP (China)

[187]

World Health Organisation's Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (WHO SAGE) *, wave 2007–2010

    
  1. LIC  low-income country, LwMIC  lower-middle-income country, UMIC  upper-middle-income country, LMIC  low- and middle-income country, HIC  high-income country, EAP  East Asia and Pacific, ECA  Europe and Central Asia, LAC  Latin America and the Caribbean, MENA  Middle East and North Africa, SA  South Asia, SSA  sub-Saharan Africa
  2. aWorld Bank classification of countries by income and region (https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups)
  3. bTotal population data from the World Bank (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL)
  4. *Data sources marked with an asterisk represent panel data. All the other data are cross-sectional