Characteristics | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) with P value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) with P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Family characteristics | ||||
Family type | ||||
Nuclear | 1 | |||
Extended | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | |||
Living alone | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.2) | |||
Needs help with self-care | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 3.4 (2.4 to 4.9) | < 0.001 | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.7) | 0.008 |
Area | ||||
Urban | 1 | |||
Rural | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) | < 0.001 |
Region | ||||
Central | 1 | |||
North | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.7) | < 0.001 | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9) | 0.014 |
South | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.4) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) | 0.121 |
Ethno-linguistic group | ||||
Lao-Tai | 1 | |||
Mon-Khmer | 2.4 (1.7 to 3.4) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.2) | 0.093 |
Chinese-Tibetan | 1.1 (0.3 to 4.5) | 0.847 | 0.7 (0.2 to 3.6) | 0.747 |
Hmong-Mien | 4.5 (2.5 to 8.0) | < 0.001 | 2.4 (1.2 to 4.8) | 0.011 |
Individual characteristics | ||||
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 | |||
Female | 2.1 (1.8 to 2.6) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 0.072 |
Age (years) | ||||
60–64 | 1 | |||
65–69 | 1.6 (1.3 to 2.1) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) | 0.001 |
70–74 | 2.7 (2.1 to 3.5) | < 0.001 | 2.2 (1.6 to 3.0) | < 0.001 |
75–79 | 3.6 (2.6 to 4.9) | < 0.001 | 2.1 (1.5 to 3.0) | < 0.001 |
≥ 80 | 8.7 (5.6 to 13.7) | < 0.001 | 4.7 (2.9 to 7.6) | < 0.001 |
Education level | ||||
University | 1 | |||
Secondary school | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.6) | 0.163 | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) | 0.412 |
Primary school | 4.6 (2.7 to 7.6) | < 0.001 | 3.0 (1.8 to 5.1) | < 0.001 |
No formal education | 20.9 (11.4 to 38.2) | < 0.001 | 9.5 (5.4 to 16.8) | < 0.001 |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 1 | |||
Single | 1.5 (0.6 to 3.7) | 0.375 | 0.9 (0.3 to 2.7) | 0.923 |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.5) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) | 0.111 |
Employment | ||||
Currently employed or working | 1 | |||
Unemployed, unable to work | 2.2 (1.6 to 3.0) | < 0.001 | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) | 0.015 |
Unemployed, able to work | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 0.983 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) | 0.120 |
Retired | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9) | 0.040 |
Physical activity | ||||
Vigorous intensity workout (per day) | ||||
Never or < 10 minutes | 1 | |||
10 minutes to 1 hour | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | 0.658 | ||
≥ 1 hour | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) | 0.113 | ||
Moderate-intensity workout | ||||
Never or < 10 minutes | 1 | |||
10 minutes to 1 hour | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.8) | 0.001 |
≥ 1 hour | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | < 0.001 | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) | < 0.001 |
Walking or bicycling | ||||
Never or < 1 hour | 1 | |||
≥ 1 hour | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2) | 0.737 |
Sedentary behaviour | ||||
None or < 90 minutes | 1 | |||
≥ 90 minutes | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.3) | 0.112 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) | 0.182 |
Substance-use and health-related behaviours | ||||
Cigarette smoking | ||||
Never smoker | 1 | |||
Former smoker | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.7) | < 0.001 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) | 0.967 |
Current smoker | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (0.6 to 1.9) | 0.183 |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
Lifetime abstainer/former drinker | 1 | |||
Occasional/social drinker | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) | 0.131 |
Heavy drinker | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5) | < 0.001 | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.193 |
Hypertension | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.9) | 0.006 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | 0.892 |
Diabetes mellitus | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) | 0.338 | ||
Body mass index | ||||
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1 | |||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.9) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2) | 0.012 |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.8) | < 0.001 | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9) | 0.026 |
Obese (≥ 30) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.8) | < 0.001 | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.154 |