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Table 5 Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for risk factors for scoring ≤ 20 on the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale among adults aged ≥ 60 years, Lao PDR

From: Assessment of cognitive function among adults aged ≥ 60 years using the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale: cross-sectional study, Lao People's Democratic Republic

Characteristics

Crude odds ratio (95% CI) with P value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) with P value

Family characteristics

    

Family type

    

 Nuclear

1

   

 Extended

1.1 (0.9 to 1.3)

   

 Living alone

1.6 (0.8 to 3.2)

   

Needs help with self-care

    

 No

1

   

 Yes

3.4 (2.4 to 4.9)

< 0.001

1.8 (1.2 to 2.7)

0.008

Area

    

 Urban

1

   

 Rural

1.8 (1.5 to 2.1)

< 0.001

1.5 (1.2 to 1.8)

< 0.001

Region

    

 Central

1

   

 North

2.2 (1.7 to 2.7)

< 0.001

1.4 (1.1 to 1.9)

0.014

 South

1.9 (1.6 to 2.4)

< 0.001

1.2 (0.9 to 1.6)

0.121

Ethno-linguistic group

    

 Lao-Tai

1

   

 Mon-Khmer

2.4 (1.7 to 3.4)

< 0.001

1.5 (0.9 to 2.2)

0.093

 Chinese-Tibetan

1.1 (0.3 to 4.5)

0.847

0.7 (0.2 to 3.6)

0.747

 Hmong-Mien

4.5 (2.5 to 8.0)

< 0.001

2.4 (1.2 to 4.8)

0.011

Individual characteristics

    

Gender

    

 Male

1

   

 Female

2.1 (1.8 to 2.6)

< 0.001

1.3 (0.9 to 1.8)

0.072

Age (years)

    

 60–64

1

   

 65–69

1.6 (1.3 to 2.1)

< 0.001

1.5 (1.2 to 1.9)

0.001

 70–74

2.7 (2.1 to 3.5)

< 0.001

2.2 (1.6 to 3.0)

< 0.001

 75–79

3.6 (2.6 to 4.9)

< 0.001

2.1 (1.5 to 3.0)

< 0.001

 ≥ 80

8.7 (5.6 to 13.7)

< 0.001

4.7 (2.9 to 7.6)

< 0.001

Education level

    

 University

1

   

 Secondary school

1.5 (0.8 to 2.6)

0.163

1.3 (0.7 to 2.3)

0.412

 Primary school

4.6 (2.7 to 7.6)

< 0.001

3.0 (1.8 to 5.1)

< 0.001

 No formal education

20.9 (11.4 to 38.2)

< 0.001

9.5 (5.4 to 16.8)

< 0.001

Marital status

    

 Married

1

   

 Single

1.5 (0.6 to 3.7)

0.375

0.9 (0.3 to 2.7)

0.923

 Separated/divorced/widowed

2.1 (1.7 to 2.5)

< 0.001

1.2 (0.9 to 1.5)

0.111

Employment

    

 Currently employed or working

1

   

 Unemployed, unable to work

2.2 (1.6 to 3.0)

< 0.001

1.6 (1.1 to 2.2)

0.015

 Unemployed, able to work

1.0 (0.8 to 1.3)

0.983

1.2 (0.9 to 1.5)

0.120

 Retired

0.4 (0.3 to 0.6)

< 0.001

0.7 (0.5 to 0.9)

0.040

Physical activity

    

Vigorous intensity workout (per day)

    

 Never or < 10 minutes

1

   

 10 minutes to 1 hour

0.9 (0.6 to 1.4)

0.658

  

 ≥ 1 hour

0.8 (0.6 to 1.0)

0.113

  

Moderate-intensity workout

    

 Never or < 10 minutes

1

   

 10 minutes to 1 hour

0.5 (0.4 to 0.6)

< 0.001

0.6 (0.5 to 0.8)

0.001

 ≥ 1 hour

0.4 (0.3 to 0.5)

< 0.001

0.6 (0.4 to 0.8)

< 0.001

Walking or bicycling

    

 Never or < 1 hour

1

   

 ≥ 1 hour

0.5 (0.4 to 0.6)

< 0.001

0.9 (0.6 to 1.2)

0.737

Sedentary behaviour

    

 None or < 90 minutes

1

   

 ≥ 90 minutes

1.2 (1.0 to 1.3)

0.112

0.8 (0.6 to 1.0)

0.182

Substance-use and health-related behaviours

    

Cigarette smoking

    

 Never smoker

1

   

 Former smoker

0.6 (0.4 to 0.7)

< 0.001

0.9 (0.7 to 1.3)

0.967

 Current smoker

0.7 (0.6 to 0.8)

< 0.001

1.2 (0.6 to 1.9)

0.183

Alcohol drinking

    

 Lifetime abstainer/former drinker

1

   

 Occasional/social drinker

0.5 (0.4 to 0.6)

< 0.001

0.8 (0.6 to 1.0)

0.131

 Heavy drinker

0.4 (0.3 to 0.5)

< 0.001

0.7 (0.5 to 1.1)

0.193

Hypertension

    

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

0.7 (0.6 to 0.9)

0.006

1.0 (0.8 to 1.2)

0.892

Diabetes mellitus

    

 No

1

   

 Yes

1.1 (0.9 to 1.3)

0.338

  

Body mass index

    

 Normal (18.5–24.9)

1

   

 Underweight (< 18.5)

2.2 (1.7 to 2.9)

< 0.001

1.5 (1.1 to 2.2)

0.012

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

0.6 (0.5 to 0.8)

< 0.001

0.7 (0.5 to 0.9)

0.026

 Obese (≥ 30)

0.5 (0.4 to 0.8)

< 0.001

0.7 (0.5 to 1.1)

0.154

  1. CI confidence interval