Table 2 Synthesis of reported outcomes (n = 48 outcomes reported from 12 studies)
Outcome theme/subtheme | Positive (+) or negative (−) outcomes |
|---|---|
Individual-level outcomes (n = 19) |  |
 Feeling valued | + |
 Gaining confidence | + |
 Achieving personal goals | + |
 Feeling empowered, increased self-efficacy | + |
 Ability to make a contribution | + |
 High-quality relationships with researchers | + |
 Opportunities to participate | + |
 Sufficient research support | + |
 Valuing of previous experience | + |
 Gaining skills, knowledge, increased capacity | + |
 Positive changes in attitudes, prejudices, biases | + |
 Increased comfort expressing opinions and participating | + |
 Employment, credentialling, pursuit of higher education | + |
 Improved personal profile or status | + |
 Engagement in health-enhancing behaviours | + |
 Level of engagement outcomes (subtheme) |  |
 o Deep engagement  o High awareness of practices and their impact on community | + + |
 o High legitimacy scores  o Low trust, fairness, competency scores | + − |
 o High ratings for engagement activities | + |
 o Engagement level was the same regardless of the number of engagement activities individuals participated in | + |
 o Engagement level higher for in-person vs online activities | + |
Partnership level outcomes (n = 27) |  |
 Evidence use in decision making and improvement | + |
 Synergy (2) | + |
 Partnership establishment | + |
 Partnership process and structure improvements (e.g. improvement of decision-making opportunities and strategies, workload management, understanding of roles and responsibilities; improvement of stewardship and regulation, development/revision of institutional review board policies and community-driven agreements; improvement of operational procedures and group infrastructure including setting ground rules and guidelines) | + |
 Satisfaction with partnership | + |
 Feelings of ownership | + |
 Feelings of commitment | + |
 Partnership expectations met | + |
 Ability to influence change and outcomes beyond partnership aims | + |
 Resource sharing and control | + |
 Authority over data monitoring, use and dissemination | + |
 Social outcomes | + |
 Sustainability | + |
 Leadership outcome (subtheme) |  |
 o Leadership skills | + |
 o Fewer concerns about leadership in partnerships with a strong leadership presence | + |
 o Leadership characteristics (lack of leadership visibility, open communication style, and collective choosing of leaders to establish legitimacy) | − |
 o Leadership style and characteristics (lack of early consultation, unequal partnership with members, low comfort sharing and voicing concerns) | − |
 o Partnership management (lack of shared power and responsibility, lack of mutual trust and support of constituents, lack of accountability for collaborative efforts which extend beyond simple accrual of benefits across partners) | − |
 o Engagement (poor leadership resulting in partner reticence to express concerns, poor engagement, and conflict that raises leadership legitimacy concerns and the use of alternative governance methods) | − |
 Implementation outcomes (subtheme) |  |
 o Effectiveness (2) | + |
 o Facilitation | + |
 o Intervention effectiveness | + |
Organizational-level outcomes (n = 2) |  |
 Improved knowledge of health status (students, teachers) | + |
 Capacity-building | + |