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Table 1 Status of development of a national-level DR policy (based on the policy cycle approach) by country income level

From: Inclusion of diabetic retinopathy screening strategies in national-level diabetes care planning in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review

Country income level

DR Policy cycle

Agenda-setting (n, %)

Policy formulation (n, %)

Policy implementation (n, %)

Evaluation (n, %)

Data not identified

Low-income (n = 29)

4 (13.8)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

25 (86.2)

Lower-middle (n = 50)

21 (42)

8 (16.0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

21 (42.0)

Upper-middle (n = 59)

22 (37.3)

5 (8.5)

0 (0)

0 (0)

32 (54.2)

  1. Policy cycle consists of four main stages: (1) agenda-setting, consisting of an early stage (situation analysis) and late stages (action plans), (2) policy formulation, (3) implementation and (4) evaluation
  2. Countries are divided into income levels based on World Bank data (2020)