Table 2 Policy changes in Europe, North America and other countries that led to decline in CVD mortality
From: Translating evidence into policy for cardiovascular disease control in India
Country | Political agenda | Risk factor prevention | Better risk factor and disease management | Decline in CVD mortality | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Strengthening of healthcare systems for acute and chronic CVD care | Public healthcare financing and insurance | Tobacco control policies | Food-modification initiatives | Physical activity promotion | Chronic diseases/CVD focused physician education | Aggressive population based pharmacological risk factor control | CVD focused primary care | CVD focused secondary/tertiary care | Period evaluated | Percent change |
Western Europe23 | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | 1970-2000 | (-) 40-45% |
Finland22 | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | 1972-2007 | (-) 75-80% |
Germany25 | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | 1980-2000 | (-) 39-50% |
Spain22 | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | 1970-2000 | (-) 48-50% |
England26 | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++++ | +++ | ++++ | +++ | 1984-2004 | (-) 48-52% |
Australia27 | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++++ | +++ | ++++ | +++ | 1968-2000 | (-) 83% |
USA28 | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | ++++ | 1970-2000 | (-) 60% |
Russia23 | ++ | +++ | ++ | + | + | ++ + | ++ | ++ | +++ | 1970-2000 | (-) 10% |
Eastern Europe23 | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | 1985-2000 | (-) 16% |
China29 | + | +++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | 1985-2004 | (+) 27-50% |
India3 | + | + | ++ | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | +++ | No data | -- |
Scale of 0 to 4+. | |||||||||||