Table 1 Abbreviated codebook
Code | Definition |
|---|---|
System, agency and therapist factors | |
 Openness to evidence-based practices | Statements that specifically emphasise the strengths or positive attributes of providing evidence-based care; includes discussion of state policies or legislation on the use of EBPs that reflect a positive environment for implementing and sustaining PCIT |
 Resistance to evidence-based practices | Hesitation or resistance to any aspect of implementation or sustainability of EBPs, and at any level (e.g. system, agency, clinician, supervisor and administrator) |
 Policy | Descriptions of whether or not there were changes in policies within the state related to PCIT |
 PCIT champion | One person (or a few people) whose extreme enthusiasm or personal commitment to PCIT had a powerful and positive impact on implementation and/or ongoing sustainability |
 Beyond the agency support (+) | Activities from individuals or organisations beyond the agency (e.g. state leaders, Department of Human Services) that promote PCIT implementation or sustainability |
 Beyond the agency support (–) | Lack of supportive practices beyond agencies or non-supportive practices and/or how this has hindered PCIT sustainability |
 Agency support (+) | Activities initiated by agencies (e.g. administrators, supervisors, managers) to promote implementation or sustainability of PCIT |
 Agency support (–) | Lack of supportive practices within agencies or non-supportive practices and/or how this has hindered clinicians from being able to offer PCIT |
 Therapist support (+) | Therapist-driven movement to sustain PCIT (e.g. practicing after leaving an agency, ongoing contact with trainers, paying for training) |
 Therapist support (–) | Lack of supportive practices of therapists or non-supportive practices and/or how this has hindered clinicians from being able to offer PCIT |
Funding Refers to specific funding sources that paid for components of the PCIT initiative | |
 Federal funds | Statements referring to federal funding such as grants (e.g. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Block Grant, etc.) |
 State funds | Statements referring to state funding |
 Local funds | Statements referring to local (county or community) funding |
 Managed care organisation funds | Statements referring to managed care organisation funding |
 Private insurance funds | Statements referring to private insurance company funding |
 Other funds | Any other funding source (e.g. private non-profit organisations) not included in the above categories |
 PCIT service reimbursement | Statements describing how PCIT sessions are billed within the state |
Training and implementation factors | |
 Approach/philosophy | Statements that reflect a trainer or state’s approach or philosophy about how to implement and sustain PCIT |
 Trained clinician characteristics | Statements that describe qualities of individuals trained in PCIT in the state; includes discussion of attrition, workforce turnover or workforce movement; Note: combined with approach/philosophy for data analysis |
 Initiative connectedness | Refers to strength and number of connections/relationships within the initiative (e.g. between trainers and trainees) and can be across systems, agencies or training cohorts |
Intervention characteristics | |
 Appeal of PCIT | Statements that emphasise what qualities of the intervention are appealing (to a range of stakeholders) and how this appeal influenced willingness to invest in implementation efforts and/or sustainability |
 Cost of PCIT | Tangible and intangible costs associated with training, service delivery and ongoing implementation |
 Cost-benefit of PCIT | Statements describing PCIT as or not as a profitable programme; includes discussion of how initial investment was off-set by other (financial) benefits |
Strategies to sustain | |
 Infrastructure | Physical, organisational or workforce structures that have been implemented in order to support efforts to sustain PCIT |
 Marketing | Strategies used to ‘sell’ PCIT to others or spread the word |
 Integration into existing practices | Ways PCIT has become embedded/integrated into existing practices within the state |
 New settings/populations | Expansion of PCIT into new settings or with new populations (e.g. Teacher-Child Interaction Training, home-based PCIT), beyond the typical scope of PCIT |
 Balancing supply and demand | Statements describing the balance of supply (of therapists) and demand (for service); includes strategies for determining when training is needed |
 Continuing education | Activities related to ongoing training and/or continuing education of trained PCIT clinicians; includes statements about enhancing, developing or maintaining skills of existing PCIT clinicians |
 Within agency training | Efforts to embed PCIT trainers within agencies to build capacity and shift training demand to local, rather than state/regional level |
 Building partnerships | Partnerships or relationships that have developed as a result of the PCIT initiative; refers to connections/relationships outside of the initiative |
 Fidelity monitoring | Strategies to ensure agencies and therapists are providing PCIT with fidelity (e.g. performance measures, fidelity checks); includes references to the need to maintain a high quality of service |
 Tracking clinical competency | Strategies used to track PCIT clinicians’ competencies, discussion of referral lists or rostering; includes statements about certification process |
 Monitoring clinical outcomes | State or agency-level efforts to track or monitor outcomes of PCIT service delivery overtime (i.e. family/child outcomes) |