Table 2 Risk of bias assessments for studies on productivity of post-graduate students’ research in low- and middle-income countries
Author | Year | Duration (years) | Selection bias due to sampling | Selection bias due to proportion of responders (> 60%) | Selection bias due to baseline characteristics (and confounding) | Detection bias due to reliability of measurement tools used | Bias due to method of data analysis used for overall outcome | Reporting biases | Overall risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | |||||||||
 Pitche [12] | 2007 | 1993–2002 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Munung [14] | 2014 | 1989–2010 | High | Unclear | Low | Mod | Low | Low | High |
 Nour-Eldein [15] | 2015 | 1982–2014 | High | Unclear | Mod | Low | Low | Low | High |
 Obuku [13] | 2017 | 1996–2010 | Mod | Low | Low | Mod | Low | Low | Mod |
Asia | |||||||||
 Dhaliwal [2] | 2010 | 2001–2005 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Ozgen [11] | 2011 | 1980–2005 | Low | Low | Mod | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Sipahi [17] | 2012 | 1978–2009 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Mod |
 Eftekari [22] | 2013 | 1993–2007 | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Mod |
 Motamed-Jahromi [16] | 2014 | 1990–2010 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
 Ogrenci [23] | 2015 | 2004–2013 | Mod | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Mod |
 Koca [24] | 2016 | 1974–2012 | High | Unclear | Unclear | High | Low | Mod | High |
South America | |||||||||
 Ticse [25] | 2014 | 2007–2010 | High | High | Unclear | Low | High | Mod | High |