Table 4 Juxtaposition of the ‘economic development’ domain and sub-domains of Norris et al.’s [18] framework with Patel et al.’s [19] and Kruse et al.’s [20] elements for community resilience
Norris framework | Patel framework | Kruse framework | Example of primary indicators | Dynamic attributes of indicators (robust, redundant, rapid) • Robust: resistant to depletion • Redundant: substitutable • Rapid: can be readily accessed | Positive health trajectory? Whether the indicator shows positive influences on health outcomes and the equity of those outcomes | |||
Domains | Sub-domains | Elements that relate to the Norris’ domain and sub-domains | Description of elements that relate to the domain and/or sub-domain | Elements that relate to Norris’s domain and sub-domains | Description of elements that relate to the domain and/or sub-domain | |||
Economic Development | Resource Volume | Resources | Include tangible supplies, financial and technical resources as well as social resources that support livelihood and relevant for mitigating shocks within a community | Domain: Resources and capacities Element: Natural/place-based capacities, financial, physical capacities, human capacities | Include availability of natural resources, e.g. land, water, forest, as well as local public services, amenities and access to markets; financial resources, e.g. money and credit facilities; physical capacities, e.g. adequate roads, water, housing and sanitation; individual capacities, including health status, education and skills to mitigate shocks | Physical resource: Percentage of households with year-round access to clean water [37] | Physical resource: not robust, redundant or rapid Physical resources can deplete easily in disaster situations (not robust), especially when demand for such resources might be higher and supply might be hindered due to demolition; some of these resources, like clean water or food, might not be substitutable either simply because they are necessary for survival (not redundant); lastly, rapid access to these resources would be challenging in a crisis situation where supply might be dislodged (not rapid) | No |
Human resource: number of household members with secondary education or higher [37] | Human resource: not robust or redundant but rapid; human resources may be limited due to disability and death due to disasters (not robust); skilled human resources required to address a crisis situation may also not be substitutable (not redundant); however, it might be possible to readily access the human resource in a community (rapid) | No | ||||||
Financial resource: disaster relief fund per capita [38] | Financial resource: not robust or rapid but redundant Financial resources, similar to physical resources, can be readily depleted in crisis situations (not robust); however, there might be multiple organisations that provide relief funds to address the demand for food, shelter, water and other needs; therefore, these resources could be substitutable (redundant); these resources, though available, may not be readily accessible to the community due to legal barriers, destruction of financial infrastructure due to disasters, or unavailability of human resources to process financial transactions (not rapid) | No | ||||||
Resource diversity | Resources | Extent to which resources are not limited to a narrow range of options within a community | Not applicable | Not applicable | Emergency services information: Presence and type of emergency service [39] | Emergency services information: robust, redundant and rapid Information on emergency services and preparedness developed to address disasters could be available in magazines, reports and online; distribution and access to these resources for the community requires minimal cost (robust); these resources are easily substitutable (redundant); lastly, they can be accessed without delay in crisis situations as individual families could have a copy of the resource or might be able to retrieve it through online systems (rapid) | No | |
Resource Equity and Social Vulnerability | Resources | Entails distributive justice – ensuring the fairness of resource allocation and the ability of the community to harness resources | Not applicable | Not applicable | Local planning involvement: Percentage of households with women and marginalised groups involved in local planning processes [37] | Local planning involvement: not robust or redundant but rapid Households with women and marginalised groups involved in local planning processes might be limited due to disability and death due to disasters (not robust); these women and marginalised groups might be crucial in getting other women and marginalised populations on board to respond to crises; therefore, they are not substitutable either (not redundant); however, they might be rapid as it is possible to readily access these households as they are situated in the community (rapid) | Yes | |
Risk assessment participation: Level of participation of vulnerable groups in the risk assessment [40] | Risk assessment participation: not robust or redundant but rapid Level of participation might dwindle in crisis situations due to disability and deaths during disasters; tending to immediate personal and family needs might be prioritised over community needs (not robust); participation of these groups is not substitutable given their importance in getting other vulnerable community members on board (not redundant); however, participation can be readily accessed as these groups are present in the community (rapid) | Yes | ||||||