Table 7 Juxtaposition of the ‘community competence’ domain and sub-domains of Norris et al.’s [18] framework with Patel et al.’s [19] and Kruse et al.’s [20] elements for community resilience
Norris framework | Patel framework | Kruse framework | Example of primary indicators | Dynamic attributes of indicators (Robust, Redundant, Rapid) • Robust: resistant to depletion • Redundant: substitutable • Rapid: can be readily accessed | Positive health trajectory? Whether indicator shows positive influences on health outcomes and the equity of those outcomes | |||
Domains | Sub-domains | Elements that relate to the Norris’ domain and sub-domains | Description of elements that relate to the domain and/or sub-domain | Elements that relate to Norris’s domain and sub-domains | Description of elements that relate to the domain and/or sub-domain | |||
Community Competence | Collective Action and Decision-making | Governance and Leadership | Includes public involvement and support, which is about the community’s involvement in strategic planning, response and recovery as they relate to the uniqueness and aspirations of the community | Domain: Learning Element: Critical reflection | Success of social learning tends to be dependent on how embedded a practice is in social networks; critical reflection allows space for social interaction among community members and deliberation on the risk-related social contract of the community, which leads to better decision-making and collective action | Self-efficacy Percentage of individuals who perceive more control or influence in their community based on prior learning experience [46] | Self-efficacy: neither robust or redundant but rapid Community competence derives from the collection of competent individuals who can navigate at times of health shocks; they might be affected due to disability and death due to disasters (not robust); depending on their availability, they may not be substitutable either, as these individuals might be crucial in directing other populations to respond to crises (not redundant); however, they might be readily accessed given their availability within the community (rapid) | Yes |
Domain: Action Element: Civil protection | Focuses on actions taken by the community on phases of the disaster management cycle (preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation) | Leadership: Land-use plans that have been developed with reference to local hazard risk assessment and that have been subjected to a formal consultation processes [47] | Leadership: redundant, robust and rapid (See the explanation for “presence and type of emergency service community engagement strategy” above) | No | ||||
Simulation exercises: Number of simulation exercises conducted [36] | Simulation exercises: not redundant but robust and rapid Unlike physical or financial resources, simulation exercises that have been conducted are resistant to depletion because communities might incorporate these exercises into their behaviours and crisis plans (robust); however, these exercises are not redundant as they might be unique to particular communities’ needs and resource availability (not redundant); these exercises can be readily accessed because individuals involved in these exercises would be present in the community at times of crisis (rapid) | No | ||||||
Contingency plans: Number of community contingency plans in place [45] | Contingency plans: not redundant but robust and rapid See the explanation for the indicator “Robust and extended communication means available throughout areas at risk” | Yes | ||||||
Collective Efficacy and Empowerment | Local Knowledge | Includes collective efficacy and empowerment, which is about the community’s shared belief of its ability to overcome potential hardships through self-reliance | Domain: Action Element: Social protection | Includes consideration of how the provision of welfare services (e.g. education, housing, health, etc.) improves the community’s capacity to reduce the livelihood risks faced by some in the community | Responsible agencies: Location and level by type of responsible designated agencies, institutions and offices for the implementation of enforcement system [41] | Responsible agencies: not redundant or robust but rapid (See the explanation for the indicator “Number of civic organisations per 10,000 population” above) | 1. No | |