Table 2 Research methods
From: Cross-cutting lessons from the Decision-Maker Led Implementation Research initiative
Country | Project title | Primary type | Study design | Data collection methods | Implementation outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chad | More responsive immunization services through tailoring for hard-to-reach populations in Chad | Interventional | Mixed methods | Focus group discussions; key informant interviews; secondary data; survey | Feasibility; sustainability; appropriateness; acceptability; adoption |
Ethiopia | How can the use of data within the immunization programme be increased in order to improve data quality and ensure greater accountability? | Exploratory | Mixed methods | Key informant interviews; document review | Sustainability; adoption |
Ethiopia | Lack of functional linkages and feedback mechanisms among different health facilities along with mobility of caregivers affect follow-up visits in utilizing the routine immunization services | Exploratory | Cohort | Secondary data; in-depth interviews; key informant interviews; focus group discussions | Coverage |
India | Negative social media messages on vaccines: how can the resultant trust deficit between caregivers and health workers be overcome? A qualitative inquiry in Malappuram district of Kerala State in India | Exploratory | Qualitative | In-depth interviews; focus group discussions; document review | Coverage; appropriateness; acceptability |
Nigeria | Increasing the utilization of immunization in Ogun State of Nigeria using participatory evaluation and action research | Interventional | Participatory action research | Survey; secondary data; in-depth interviews; focus group discussions | Coverage; acceptability; feasibility |
Nigeria | Potential role of civil society organization engagement for increasing the demand for and uptake of immunization services in Odukpani Local Government Area of Cross River State of Nigeria | Exploratory | Mixed methods | Secondary data; survey; focus group discussions; in-depth interviews; key informant interviews | Coverage |
Nigeria | Use of social actors to address contextual barriers for utilization of immunization services among caregivers of under-five children in urban slums of Yobe State, Nigeria in the context of the Boko Haram insurgency | Exploratory | Mixed methods | Key informant interviews; survey; focus group discussions | Coverage; adoption |
Pakistan | Improving vaccine uptake in urban slums of Karachi, Pakistan—implementation research to explore and address supply- and demand-side barriers to routine immunization | Exploratory | Mixed methods | Survey; focus group discussions; in-depth interviews | Adoption; coverage |
Uganda | Process evaluation of community health facility-based microplan development and implementation in two districts in Uganda | Exploratory | Mixed methods | Observation; document review; key informant interviews; focus group discussions | Fidelity; adoption; acceptability |
Uganda | Evaluating the role of leadership in transitioning vertical into integrated and sustainable district health programmes—a case study of immunization in Luuka district, Uganda | Exploratory | Mixed methods | Document review; key informant interviews; focus group discussions; observation | Acceptability; sustainability |
Vietnam | Governance of the immunization programme for children 0–23 months in Vietnam | Exploratory | Mixed methods | Document review; in-depth interviews; focus group discussions; survey | Sustainability; coverage; acceptability |