Table 2 Characteristics of included citations and trainees
Author(s), year | Country of origin | Study population | Study setting | Study design (reported and assessed by review team) | Trainee characteristics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reported health/clinical discipline | Stage of training | |||||
Abdul Qader and King, 2015 [37] | Canada | Patients with ostomies | Qatar | Multi-methods approach (literature review + engagement) | Nursing | Master’s |
Abelsohn et al., 2011 [38] | Canada | Graduate students at the University of Toronto, academics and community-based members of the lesbian, bisexual, trans and queer (LGBTQ) communities and organizations | Conference on LGBTQ health | Case study | Public health, nursing, health policy | Master’s and PhD |
Allen and Hutchinson, 2009 [68] | Canada | Patients with end-stage renal disease | Hospital | Participatory action research using photovoice | Health science | Postdoctoral fellow |
Atherton et al., 2016 [39] | Australia | Speech-language pathology graduates in Vietnam (graduates from the 2010–2012 Pha Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, speech-language training programme, in Ho Chi Minh City) | Vietnam | Participatory action research | Speech-language pathology | PhD |
Baukus 2019 [69] | United States | 14 to 15 refugee and immigrant teens | Community and university/college | Community-based participatory research, over a series of 8 after-school workshops | Public health | Master’s |
Bellows Riecken, 2012 [89] | Canada | Individuals at risk for physical inactivity-young adults ranging from 18 to 35 who resided in Greater Victoria or Duncan, British Columbia (BC) | The first location provides distance education, job training certification, and alternative programmes for students completing lower grade level BC curricula The second location provides First Nations education programmes as well as high school equivalency classes for other students needing an alternative schedule or learning environment | Action research (Study 2) | Health education | PhD |
Björnsdóttir and Svensdóttir, 2008 [105] | Iceland | Young Icelandic adults with learning disabilities who were born in the years 1974–1984 and are actively involved in various social activities such as self-advocacy, sports, religion and arts | Reykjavı´k, community | Life histories and follows an inclusive research paradigm, participatory action research | Social sciences | PhD |
Bloodworth et al., 2004 [43] | United States | Graduate students | Three Chicago universities | Qualitative reflections on student experience with participatory community research | The majority of editors and contributors are academic faculty | Graduate students with different levels of training |
Bishop et al., 2018 [97] | Canada | KT Canada Summer Institute trainees and early researchers involved in patient-oriented research | KT Canada Summer Institute (KTCSI) | NR | Nursing and medicine | NR |
Burgess 2006 [44] | Canada | Primary healthcare nurse practitioners | Primary healthcare setting | Participatory action research study | Faculty of Human and Social Development, School of Nursing and Faculty of Education, Curriculum and Instruction | PhD |
Burgess 2009[67] | ||||||
Boland, 2020 [100] | Canada | Paediatric clinical practice (clinicians, patients and parents) | Hospital | NR | Population health | PhD |
Bowyer, 2018 [95] | Scotland | Health service users and healthcare providers of rural health services in Scotland | Scottish Highlands (an accessible rural community) and the western isles (a remote rural community) | Participatory action research using geographic information systems, mixed-methods research design (multiple-case study designs) | Health sector worker/dietitian | PhD |
Donnelly, 2013 [56] | Canada | Four family health teams with occupational therapists | Family health teams in Ontario | Phase I used a multiple-case study design and phase II used a single-case design | Education | PhD |
Cassidy, Burgess et al., 2019 [45] | Canada | Health System Impact Fellows—doctoral and postdoctoral trainees | NR | NR | Nursing | Postdoctoral fellow |
Cassidy and Foley et al., 2019 [78] | Canada | Healthcare providers at medical, surgical and neuroscience unit | Hospital-based paediatric inpatient | Commentary about scoping review and stakeholder assessment of implementation barriers | Nursing | PhD |
Campbell,2006 [93] | Canada | Members of the town, administration, an advocacy group and three focus groups, with one service provider group, one parent group and one youth group | Rural costal community on Prince Edward Island | Participatory action research + five stages of the Ottawa Model of Research Use (OMRU) knowledge translation framework | Nursing | PhD |
Blum, 2006 [86] | United States | 15 nurses | A hospital in South Florida | Participatory action research | Nursing | PhD |
Conway et al., 2020 [81] | Canada | Healthcare providers | Urban hospital, Ireland | NR | Informational specialist | PhD |
Dalal et al., 2009 [104] | United States | Physician-researcher postdoctoral fellows and the communities they worked in/ did their research with and community leaders | New Haven | Community-based participatory research | Medicine | Postdoctoral fellow |
DeLemos et al., 2007 [47] | United States | People with chronic kidney disease in the Navajo population | Navajo community | Community-based participatory research | Engineering | PhD |
Dewitt 2011 [103] | United States | Members of Oakland’s Promise Alliance | Oakland community | Participatory action research | Education | PhD |
Dunn et al., 2020 [91] | United States | Eight students (youth, middle school boys) | Local middle school with a high percentage of students of low-income and minority backgrounds | A mixed-methods approach included a focus group and a pre-test/post-test with quantitative items and open-ended questions | Nursing | PhD |
Feroz, 2009 [110] | United States | Early Head Start parents, Early Head Start practitioners, and community stakeholders in cycles of relevant dialogue during the development of a participatory action research project | University setting: Early Head Start programme located in rural western Pennsylvania | Qualitative inquiry using ethnography to observe a participatory action research | Department of sociology | PhD |
Fletcher and Marchildon, 2014 [106] | Canada | Health system leaders at three levels: frontline units, senior leadership below the CEO level and senior executive leadership in the ministry and health regions | Saskatchewan, Canada health system | Participatory action research, Delphi method | Public policy | Postdoctoral fellow |
Fletcher and Marchildon, 2018 [107] | ||||||
Gibbon, 2002 [40] | United Kingdom | Two voluntary sector organizations, focused on women | Kenya and Nepal | Qualitative reflective article | Community health | PhD |
Gilhooly and Lynn, 2014 [41] | United States | Three Karen adolescent brothers | Two communities in Georgia, one in Iowa and one in Wisconsin | Collaborative ethnography | NR | PhD |
Goessling and Doyle, 2009 [42] | Canada | Nine full-time students and active members of an at-risk student intervention programme | An urban high school in the Pacific Northwest | Participatory action research | Counselling psychology | Master’s |
Smithers, Graeme and Mandawe, 2017 [46] | Canada | Urban First Nations men | Community | Community-based participatory health research project | Department of geography | PhD |
González 2012 [71] | United States | Five co-researchers and five participants, all Latino immigrant parents of English language learner students | Northern California elementary school, located on the east side of San Jose in a predominantly Latino neighbourhood | Participatory action research | Education | PhD |
Haywood et al., 2019[72] | United States | Adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions | Los Angeles County | Participatory action research | Occupational therapy | PhD |
Hilario, 2018 [57] | Canada | Immigrant and refugee men living in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia | Community | Integrated knowledge translation using participatory video method | Nursing | PhD |
Hohn, 1998 [65] | United States | The adult literacy programme participants, the student action health team and the public health and education agencies | Broad Street Learning Center in Lynn, Massachusetts. Lynn is known as "immigrant city", hosting many waves of immigrant groups since the turn of the century | Participatory action research with an empowerment focus | Education | PhD |
IKTRN [98] | Canada | N/A | N/A | N/A This is an interview transcript | Nursing and medicine | Trainee A: PhD Trainee 2: medical student |
Jervis, 2019 [59] | United Kingdom | Nursing staff, children and families visiting adult relatives in hospital | Large teaching hospital | Participatory action research | Nursing | PhD |
Jull et al., 2019 [92] | Canada | Inuit community support workers (CSWs) | Ottawa, Ontario Nunavut in Inuit Nunangat, specifically the Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin) region | Qualitative study with two theory-driven phases: (1) Using consensus-building methods to tailor a previously developed shared decision-making (SDM) strategy with Inuit and developing training in that SDM strategy (2) Training CSWs in the SDM strategy, and then matching the CSWs with community member volunteers to test the SDM strategy | Occupational therapy | Postdoctoral fellow |
Jones, 2012 [64] | Canada | 51 students and 7 staff members from schools A and B | Uganda, school | Participatory action research | Global health | Master’s |
Jones, 2019[62] | Australia | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | Mayi Kuwayu: The National Study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing | Strengths-based, mixed-methods approach (1) Cross-sectional analysis (2) Community-based participatory research (3) Descriptive epidemiology and an environmental investigation | Epidemiology and population health | Master’s |
Kinman, 2017 [82] | United States | Paediatric residents rotating on the adolescent medicine rotation and the high school students enrolled in the women’s alliance elective class at the high school | School | Participatory action research | Education | Master’s |
Khobzi and Flicker, 2010 [70] | Canada | The Positive Youth Project (Flicker): HIV-positive teens and young people The Trans PULSE Project (Khobzi): trans (transgender, transsexual and transitioned) people in Ontario | Ontario, Canada | Community-based participatory research (both) Positive youth project: qualitative interviews with HIV-positive youth Trans PULSE Project: in-depth quantitative survey | Health | PhD (both) |
Lac and Fine, 2018 [74] | United States | High school students | School | Participatory action research | Education | PhD |
Laur et al., 2020 [79] | Canada | Hospital units (directly related to patient nutrition) | Hospitals | NR | Public health and health systems | PhD |
Leslie et al., 2010 [49] | United States | Hawaiian workers and administrators | 4 health agencies, 3 social service agencies, and one faith-based organization | Community-based participatory research | Medicine | PhD |
Lewis, 2020 [77] | Canada | Patients receiving implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | Canadian tertiary care centre | NR | Nursing | PhD |
Lillehagen, 2017 [96] | Norway | Six physiotherapy institutes within primary healthcare. Clinical coordinators who were all experienced clinicians with more than 10 years of practice | Hospital, primary healthcare | Participatory action research | Medicine | PhD |
Lind, 2006 [87] | Canada | Adolescents in North American society | School | Hermeneutically inspired, participatory action research | Nursing | PhD |
Maher, 2018 [61] | Australia | Outbreak investigation: Members of the Aboriginal community, Yarrabah, Queensland, with confirmed or probable cases of mumps Evaluation and epidemiological study: Members of the Aboriginal community in Wadeye, Northern Territory | Outbreak investigation: Yarrabah, Queensland Evaluation and epidemiological study: Wadeye, Northern Territory | Study 1: secondary data analysis, mixed-methods approach Study 2: descriptive analysis Study 3: programme evaluation | Epidemiology and population health | Master’s |
McCaig, 2019 [63] | Scotland | 38 participants (18 patients, 14 staff, 4 carers, 2 students) | A 25-bed mixed-sex acute mental health ward | Appreciative action research | Mental health nursing | PhD |
McHugh, 2008 [85] | Canada | Students (specifically young Aboriginal women, aged 14–18 years), teachers and staff of Nutana Collegiate | An urban high school (i.e., Nutana collegiate) in Saskatoon | Participatory action research | Kinesiology | PhD |
Murdoch, 2006 [66] | Canada | Women with disabilities, an academic, a community leader of a local disability organization, a woman with disabilities and a graduate student in women’s studies | St. John’s, Newfoundland and surrounding areas | Feminist case study | Nursing | Master’s |
Medcalf, 2008 [75] | Canada | Six elders, at least 70 years old | Community | Participatory action research | Education | PhD |
Mitchell, 2018 [102] | United States | American Indian (AI) tribe located in the Midwest region of the United States | Small reservation community | Community-based participatory research using photovoice methodology | Institute for Policy and Social Research | PhD |
Munro, 2018 [54] | Canada | Women who had caesarean section | British Columbia, hospital | NR | Interdisciplinary studies | PhD |
Moll & Clements, 2008 [73] | Canada | Eight stakeholder groups; participants included a mix of representatives from human resource departments, occupational health, disability managers/employee assistance programme providers, managers or supervisors and consumers of mental health services Businesses represented included municipal service providers (e.g., police, transit commission), healthcare providers (large and mid-sized hospitals as well as community-based programmes), the educational system (school boards and postsecondary institutions), large and mid-sized retail and manufacturing businesses, and experts in the field who have addressed these issues in practice (e.g., disability managers, occupational psychiatrists, employees) | Research foundation | Multi-method, knowledge translation (reported as: an interactive process of KT) | Occupational therapy (Mental illness in the workplace) | PhD |
Nadimpalli et al., 2016 [48] | United States | Sikh Asian Indian community | Community | Community-based participatory research | Nursing | PhD |
Oosman, 2012 [83] | Canada | 8- and 9-year-old children living in Île-à-la-Crosse, Saskatchewan Participants of focus group: eight individuals: non-Aboriginal and five Métis, four teachers, two healthcare professionals, one parent and one elder | Community | Participatory action research | Interdisciplinary studies | PhD |
Ormel and Law, 2020 [53] | Canada | Cholera-affected populations in Haiti | Haiti | Participatory action research | Humanitarian | PhD |
Pratt et al., 2019 [108] | Australia | Master’s in nursing students and registered nurse/ professor (a group of five academic staff, a mixture of sessional and permanent) | A metropolitan university in New South Wales, Australia | The co-construction processes with participatory practice development principles | Nursing | PhD |
Ramage et al., 2020 [80] | Australia | People living with stroke | Stroke rehabilitation centre | Codesign method | Physiotherapy | PhD |
Ramstetter, 2010 [88] | United States | 174 students (kindergarten through grade 8) | Corryville Catholic school | Participatory action research | Health promotion and education | PhD |
Reale, 2011[84] | United Kingdom | High school students, stakeholders and staff (administration to teachers) | Suburban comprehensive high school in southeastern Connecticut, USA | Whole-school, exploratory, single-case study, participatory action research | Education | PhD |
Roberts and Jette, 2016 [109] | United States | Young women in the community (ages 11–17 years) | Community | Formative research, grounded in participatory research methodology | Public health | PhD |
Robinson, 2007 [94] | Canada | Female adults (over the age of 21) who have, or have had, some form of mental illness (broadly defined) and who have participated in mental health-related research activities | US | Mixed-methods, cross-sectional survey approach | Social work | PhD |
Sanderson et al., 2020 [99] | Canada | Postsecondary students with psychosis | Hospital and research setting | Mixed-methods systematic review | Nursing | Master’s |
Schuch, 2017 [50] | United States | Hispanic immigrants in Charlotte Mecklenburg | Community | Community-based participatory research | Health | PhD |
Shelton, 2012 [51] | United States | Upper elementary students | Elementary school | Participatory action research | Sociology | Master’s |
Sim et al., 2019 [101] | Canada | Postdoctoral fellows (n = 46) | Fellowship launched in 2017–2018, through which postdoctoral fellows were colocated between a health system-related organization | Reflection paper | NR | Postdoctoral fellow |
Suderman et al., 2020 [90] | Canada | Cancer survivors | Community | Multi-method IKT approach | Physical therapy | NR |
van der Meulen, 2011 [76] | Canada | Canada’s oldest sex worker-run organization | Community | Action research methodology | Department of criminal justice and criminology, women studies | PhD |
Videmšek and Fox, 2018 [55] | First author: Slovenia Second author: United Kingdom | First author: experiences of people with mental ill health living in group homes in Slovenia Second author: carers of people with schizophrenia | First author: Slovenia Second author: United Kingdom | First author: interpretive methodology adopting cooperative inquiry Second author: a participatory action research approach | Social work | PhD |
Volpē, 2017 [60] | United States | High school students | Upward Bound programme located at a large public university in the Appalachian region of the United States | Participatory action research using photovoice | Education | PhD |
Wilbricht, 2017 [52] | United States | American Indians and Alaska Natives | An Indian reservation in northern Arizona, and a rural, Indigenous community in western Alaska | Community-based participatory research | Communication | PhD |
Wine et al., 2017 [58] | Canada | N/A | N/A | Scoping review | NR | Master’s |