Table 4 Multivariable analysis on health systems and GHS predictors of COVID-19 deaths per million population

General government expenditure on health as a proportion of general government expenditure

− 24.56 (− 39.43, − 9.69); 0.003

Cumulative cases per 1 million population

0.01 (0.004, 0.019); 0.004

Prevention of emergence or release of pathogens

− 12.39 (− 20.85, − 3.93); 0.007

Voice and accountability

121.82 (42.11, 201.53); 0.005

Rapid response to and mitigation of the spread of an epidemic

17.39 (8.81, 25.97); 0.001

Domestic general government health expenditure as % of GDP (2017)

8.85 (5.53, 12.18); < 0.001