Table 3 Households that include people ≥ 60 years of age with CHE and financial distress, by household covariates, Viet Nama
Variable | CHE definitionb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WHO | Sustainable Development Goals | Financial distress | ||||
Yes (n = 126) | No (n = 1351) | Yes (n = 111) | No (n = 1366) | Yes (n = 181) | No (n = 1296) | |
Household features | ||||||
 Urban versus rural | ||||||
  Urban | 54 (7.5) | 666 (92.5) | 46 (6.4) | 674 (93.6) | 80 (11.1) | 640 (88.9) |
  Rural | 72 (9.5) | 685 (90.5) | 65 (8.6) | 692 (91.4) | 101 (13.3) | 656 (86.7) |
 Province | *** |  | *** |  | * |  |
  Thanh Hoa | 35 (7.0) | 463 (93.0) | 38 (7.6) | 460 (92.4) | 51 (10.2) | 447 (89.8) |
  Tien Giang | 9 (1.9) | 475 (98.1) | 8 (1.7) | 476 (98.3) | 55 (11.4) | 429 (88.6) |
  Yen Bai | 82 (16.6) | 413 (83.4) | 65 (13.1) | 430 (86.9) | 75 (15.2) | 420 (84.8) |
 Mean (SD) no. of people in household | 1.6 (0.5)*** | 3.4 (1.9) | 2.0 (1.1)*** | 3.3 (1.9) | 3.0 (1.8)* | 3.3 (1.9) |
 Children < 6 years | *** |  | *** |  |  |  |
  No | 126 (10.1) | 1120 (89.9) | 106 (8.5) | 1140 (91.5) | 157 (12.6) | 1089 (87.4) |
  Yes | 0 (0.0) | 231 (100.0) | 5 (2.2) | 226 (97.8) | 24 (10.4) | 207 (89.6) |
 People aged ≥ 60 years in the household |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  1 person | 57 (8.9) | 585 (91.1) | 52 (8.1) | 590 (91.9) | 84 (13.1) | 558 (86.9) |
  2+ persons | 69 (8.3) | 766 (91.7) | 59 (7.1) | 776 (92.9) | 97 (11.6) | 738 (88.4) |
 Household composition | *** |  | *** |  | * |  |
  Multigenerational households | 8 (0.9) | 845 (99.1) | 25 (2.9) | 828 (97.1) | 92 (10.8) | 761 (89.2) |
  Older households | 118 (18.9) | 506 (81.1) | 86 (13.8) | 538 (86.2) | 89 (14.3) | 535 (85.7) |
 Health insurance status | *** |  | *** |  |  |  |
  Not fully insured | 4 (2.3) | 170 (97.7) | 3 (1.7) | 171 (98.3) | 19 (10.9) | 155 (89.1) |
  Fully insured | 122 (9.4) | 1181 (90.6) | 108 (8.3) | 1195 (91.7) | 162 (12.4) | 1141 (87.6) |
 Wealth level (quintile) |  |  |  |  | * |  |
  Poorest | 22 (7.4) | 274 (92.6) | 14 (4.7) | 282 (95.3) | 44 (14.9) | 252 (85.1) |
  Poor | 29 (9.8) | 266 (90.2) | 25 (8.5) | 270 (91.5) | 44 (14.9) | 251 (85.1) |
  Middle | 36 (12.2) | 260 (87.8) | 32 (10.8) | 264 (89.2) | 40 (13.5) | 256 (86.5) |
  Rich | 18 (6.1) | 277 (93.9) | 19 (6.4) | 276 (93.6) | 25 (8.5) | 270 (91.5) |
  Richest | 21 (7.1) | 274 (92.9) | 21 (7.1) | 274 (92.9) | 28 (9.5) | 267 (90.5) |
Head of household | ||||||
 Aged ≥ 60 years | * |  |  |  |  |  |
  No | 3 (2.7) | 107 (97.3) | 9 (8.2) | 101 (91.8) | 11 (10.0) | 99 (90.0) |
  Yes | 123 (9.0) | 1,244 (91.0) | 102 (7.5) | 1,265 (92.5) | 170 (12.4) | 1,197 (87.6) |
 Sex |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Male | 69 (8.8) | 715 (91.2) | 63 (8.0) | 721 (92.0) | 93 (11.9) | 691 (88.1) |
  Female | 57 (8.2) | 636 (91.8) | 48 (6.9) | 645 (93.1) | 88 (12.7) | 605 (87.3) |
 Ethnicity |  |  | * |  |  |  |
  Kinh | 124 (8.6) | 1,325 (91.4) | 107 (7.4) | 1,342 (92.6) | 176 (12.1) | 1,273 (87.9) |
  Ethnic minority | 2 (10.5) | 17 (89.5) | 4 (21.1) | 15 (78.9) | 5 (26.3) | 14 (73.7) |
 Educational level | ** |  | *** |  | * |  |
  Elementary or less | 29 (5.3) | 514 (94.7) | 17 (3.1) | 526 (96.9) | 76 (14.0) | 467 (86.0) |
  Secondary school | 48 (11.5) | 371 (88.5) | 50 (11.9) | 369 (88.1) | 59 (14.1) | 360 (85.9) |
  High school or higher | 49 (9.5) | 465 (90.5) | 44 (8.6) | 470 (91.4) | 46 (8.9) | 468 (91.1) |
 Current occupational status | * |  | * |  | *** |  |
  Employed | 33 (6.7) | 457 (93.3) | 34 (6.9) | 456 (93.1) | 51 (10.4) | 439 (89.6) |
  Pensioner | 53 (11.1) | 426 (88.9) | 47 (9.8) | 432 (90.2) | 39 (8.1) | 440 (91.9) |
  Unemployed | 38 (7.6) | 464 (92.4) | 28 (5.6) | 474 (94.4) | 88 (17.5) | 414 (82.5) |
Healthcare for key older members interviewed | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Comorbidities | *** |  | *** |  | *** |  |
  No NCD | 8 (2.6) | 296 (97.4) | 6 (2.0) | 298 (98.0) | 6 (2.0) | 298 (98.0) |
  1 NCD | 49 (8.9) | 502 (91.1) | 36 (6.5) | 515 (93.5) | 66 (12.0) | 485 (88.0) |
  ≥ 2 NCDs | 69 (11.1) | 553 (88.9) | 69 (11.1) | 553 (88.9) | 109 (17.5) | 513 (82.5) |
 Mean (SD) no. outpatient visits in the last month | ||||||
  Primary healthcare facilities | 0.50 (0.80) | 0.46 (0.86) | 0.58 (1.17) | 0.45 (0.82) | 0.82 (1.06)*** | 0.41 (0.81) |
  Tertiary facilities | 0.47 (0.98) | 0.35 (0.83) | 0.54 (1.06)* | 0.35 (0.82) | 0.54 (1.04)** | 0.34 (0.81) |
  Private health facilities | 0.23 (0.67)* | 0.13 (0.49) | 0.23 (0.68)* | 0.13 (0.49) | 0.23 (0.65)** | 0.12 (0.48) |
 Mean (SD) no. inpatient admissions in the last 12 months | ||||||
  District hospitals | 0.14 (0.41) | 0.09 (0.43) | 0.19 (0.56)* | 0.08 (0.41) | 0.26 (0.62)*** | 0.07 (0.39) |
  Tertiary hospitals | 0.34 (0.70)* | 0.17 (0.70) | 0.37 (0.78)** | 0.17 (0.69) | 0.48 (0.97)*** | 0.15 (0.64) |
  Private hospitals | 0.04 (0.23) | 0.02 (0.18) | 0.07 (0.29)** | 0.02 (0.17) | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.02 (0.18) |