Fig. 1

A timeline of critical COVID-19 therapeutic milestones. The x-axis is presented longitudinally. Factors that supported uptake are presented above the x-axis, and factors that supported lack of uptake or de-adoption are presented below the x-axis. Different treatments are represented by different colours (yellow: HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; blue: TOCI, tocilizumab; purple: REM, remdesivir; green: DEX, dexamethasone; red: BARI, baricitinib). The height of the different timeline elements above or below the axis represents the information or guideline type; press releases (PR) are the closest to the x-axis, followed by preprints, peer-reviewed publications (Pub), guideline changes (GL) and EUAs issued by the FDA. Due to horizontal space limitations, some key milestones in the identification of baricitinib as an effective treatment are not shown (Marconi et al. COV-BARRIER preprint [3 May 2021] and publication [1 September 2021]). ACTT-4, which showed equivalence of baricitinib vs dexamethasone with fewer adverse events among patients receiving baricitinib, was published on 22 May 2022