Table 1 CPTI framework

Policy interventions to contain the spread of the virus (Behaviour, containment, mitigation)

Escalating interventions

None

Main: No restriction (maintaining the status quo)

Dominance: free movement restriction

Minimal (1)

A recommendation by the government (not mandated in law, it is voluntary). Main: work from home if possible

Complementary: advised against travel to specific regions, advised to use masks, wash your hands, website launch of information about the virus, launch of phone helplines, temperature checks at the border

Medium (2)

Mandated by law (no punishment measures). Main: Closing schools, closing of high street/retail stores plus minimal interventions

Complementary: self-quarantine, state of disaster declared, self-cancelling of events, certification of fitness for travel, advised against all travel overseas. Increased testing to wider public

Significant (3)

Mandated by law (punishable measures). Main: borders closing (national, regional) plus medium interventions

Complementary: Enforced quarantine, enforced social distancing, gatherings, mandatory masks, restriction for bars, restaurants and self-care

Very Significant (4)

Mandated by law (sever restriction on movement). Main: Enforce lockdown and shut down of non-essential economic activities plus significant interventions

De-escalating interventions (implementing interventions that begin to reduce for phase one)

Significant (3)

Mandated by law (punishable measures). Main: borders closing (national, regional)

Complementary: Enforced quarantine, enforced social distancing, gatherings, mandatory masks, restriction for bars, restaurants and self-care

Medium (2)

Mandated by law (no punishment measures). Main: Re-opening schools, re-opening of high street/retail stores (social activities)

Complementary: self-quarantine, reducing the state of disaster declared, removing requirements for certification of fitness for travel, adjusting/reducing advise against all travel overseas

Minimal (1)

A recommendation by the government (not mandated in law, it is voluntary). Main: work from home if possible

Complementary: restaurants and gyms reopened, social distancing measures in terms of washing hands, working from home if possible are still maintained

None

Nothing is imposed or continues to be recommended

Policy interventions for prevention and care

Dominance: Public healthcare system takeover. All resources devoted to the public healthcare system

Escalating interventions

None

Main: healthcare system experiences no change

Minimal (1)

Minor capacity increases. Main: Increased capacity of the public system

E.g. Additional PPE, Increased spending on PPE or beds, adjustments to border controls for medical goods arriving into the country, flu vaccine drive

Medium (2)

Moderate capacity increases. Main: government callout for health resources from industry for a better response (ventilators, masks, retired and student medical professionals, relaxation of medical staff contracting requirements, etc.) plus minimal prevention and care interventions

Complementary: clinical trial announced for vaccine within country

Significant (3)

Major capacity increases including private resources

Main: partial takeover of the private system plus medium prevention and care interventions

E.g. temporary hospitals, addition of beds, supply of ventilators, new workforce

Complementary: retired workers coming out of retirement and working

Very significant (4)

Full capacity increases. Main: All the resources in the healthcare system are devoted to the public healthcare system plus significant prevention and care interventions

E.g. suspension of elective surgery in private facilities, suspension of private insurance premiums

De-escalating interventions (implementing interventions that begin to reduce for phase one)

Significant (3)

Reduction back to major capacity increased from before COVID-19. Main: partial takeover of the private system

E.g. temporary hospitals, addition of beds, supply of ventilators, new workforce

Complementary: retired workers coming out of retirement/students no longer required

Medium (2)

Reduction back to moderate capacity increased from before COVID-19. Main: government callout for health resources from industry for a better response (ventilators, masks, retired and student medical professionals, relaxation of medical staff contracting requirements, etc.)

Complementary: clinical trial announced for vaccine within country

Minimal (1)

Reduction back to minor capacity increased from before COVID-19. Main: Increased capacity of the public system

E.g. Additional PPE (spending/, adjustments to border controls for medical goods arriving into the country

None (0)

Reversion back to pre-COVID-19 levels

Policy interventions to reduce the economic impact

Dominance: degree of intervention of the government in the economy. Push toward central planned economy [increased intervention in the market]

Escalating Interventions:

Based on the size and the extent of the stimulus package that is implemented as a result of the pandemic

None (0)

No change to the economic system

Minimal (1)

Minor market intervention by the government. Main: Bonuses, credits, tax relief/deferrals from the state/county/council level, rent freezes

Medium (2)

Moderate government intervention in the market. Main: Funding for specific industries or sectors and specific individuals (families or sole traders only) plus minimal economic interventions

E.g. Funding targeting education, health resources, agriculture, financial sector, education (e.g. schools and higher education), technology sector, energy sector etc

Complementary: allowing movement of workers to meet demand (Germany allowing foreign workers in to help pick produce)

Significant (3)

Major government intervention in the market. Main: Extraordinary increase of public spending for industry bailout and quantitative easing plus medium economic interventions

E.g. Industry bailout (large funds), relief cheques, liquidity, interest rate adjustments, wage subsidisation

Very significant (4)

Full government intervention in the market. Main: Suspension of free-market and shift toward central planned economy

E.g. all the industries of the country are devoted to produce or assist the emergency plan imposed by the government, exports suspended

De-escalating interventions

Significant (3)

Major government intervention, intervention begins to ease. Main: Extraordinary increase of public spending for industry bailout and quantitative easing

E.g. Industry bailout (large funds), relief cheques, liquidity, interest rate adjustments

Medium (2)

Moderate government intervention in the market. Main: Funding for specific industries or sectors and specific tax relief (families or sole traders only) eased/reduced

E.g. the funding targeting education, health resources, agriculture, financial sector, higher education, technology sector, energy sector etc.,

Complementary: allowing movement of workers to meet demand (Germany allowing foreign workers in to help pick produce)

Minimal (1)

Minor government market intervention. Main: Bonuses, credits, tax referrals from the state

None (0)

COVID-19 specific interventions are no longer implemented

Health Technology

Announcement or use of health technology

Categorisation is based on the size and invasiveness/extent of the technology

Testing

Objective based criteria: confirming, exploring, expanding

None (0)

Nothing new has been implemented for COVID-19

Minimal (1)

Nasopharynx swab test (RT-PCR)

Medium (2)

Blood serology testing

Significant (3)

Investments in new testing technology (i.e. new technology—different from PCR; more accurate and faster tests)

Tracing

Degree of invasiveness of the technology

None (0)

Nothing is done for COVID-19

Minimal (1)

Main: Using existing tracing technologies for COVID-19

E.g. Use of call centres; Symptom tracker app; COVID-19 tracker teams

Medium (2)

Main: Decentralised contact tracing using new technology

E.g. Contact tracing through GPS/Bluetooth tracking (not provided to government), detecting COVID-19 in sewage

Significant (3)

Main: Centralised contact tracing using new technology

E.g. Contact tracing through GPS/Bluetooth tracking (provided to government), Artificial intelligence to detect population risk groups

Treating

The extent of advancement of technology

None (0)

Human to human contact, standard ICU, no use of PPE etc. for COVID-19

Minimal (1)

Main: Human to human contact with limited protection

E.g. Use of PPE; temperature checks;

Medium (2)

Main: Intensive/Hospital care: respirator advancements (new modifications and types); technology use for managing viral cases (new apps etc.); extensive telehealth

Significant (3)

Main: Drug repurposing (proven outcomes); robots; compulsory use of telehealth

Very Significant (4)

Main: Vaccine