Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the scoping review

Population (countries)

The population includes countries belonging to LMICs as defined by the World Bank, including Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Loa PDR, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Island, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkiye, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, West Bank and Gaza, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Papers and reports from high-income countries (HICs) or upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) were not considered (published and grey literature).

Concept

All the articles, reports or policy guidance documents that have mentioned any aspect of resilience, innovations, modification and adaptations in protocol and service delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic in offering PHC services at the facility or community levels, utilizing any WHO building blocks from the framework to document the strategies/interventions adopted study recommendations, were considered for this review.

Any document or article that has no connection with any aspect of PHC were not considered. Furthermore, if the document/s did not touch upon any aspect of resilience strategies or any of the components of the WHO building blocks, it was excluded.

Context

Resilience-enhancing strategies must be considered, keeping the COVID-19 pandemic context at the level of PHC.

Any resilience-enhancing strategies meant for a reason other than the COVID-19 pandemic (such as drought, flood, other communicable diseases, conflicted law and order situations, etc.) were not considered.

Additional filters

Article type

Original research, reports, commentary or editorial, systematic, scoping or rapid review, letter, policy document, policy brief, advisories, strategy document, action plan, and meeting document.

Media news, clinical trials, case studies, case reports and case series.

Reporting/language

English language

Other languages

Date of publication

Eligible papers or reports published from 1 January 2020 until 31 December 2022 were considered for this review.

Papers submitted before the COVID-19 pandemic (2019) were not considered.