Table 5 Overview of integrated study findings along with sub-findings and supporting examples from the literature

The digital infrastructure of LHSs optimizes health service delivery: Studies reported the implementation of LHSs as having an impact on clinical practice as a result of incorporating a digital infrastructure for data capture as part of their LHS

LHSs can allow for better integration of data/evidence into clinical practice

15 (25,26,30,31,39–42,44,46,48–50,52,53)

Evidence and research from the LHS was integrated into clinical care (25)

MS PATHS is an example of how an MS practice can collect and integrate patient data to inform clinical decisions (30)

LHSs promote the implementation of digital data capture

16 (19,21–24,31,32,39–41,44–47,50,51)

TRANSFoRm is an example of a LHS that integrates research into practice by working with the EHR as a data collection system (40)

Access and availability of data through a digital platform supports rapid changes to practice and policy

7 (25–29,33,38)

Decision makers used evidence synthesis reports within a short time frame to inform decisions, practice and policy (25)

The LHS led to improved time for biopsy results for patients (33)

LHSs have a positive impact on patient care and health outcomes: Several studies reported seeing positive patient outcomes following the implementation of a LHS

n/a

17 (19,22,28,29,32,33,35–39,42,43,45,49,51,52)

LFEP resulted in reduced inpatient days, overall admissions and urgent care visits (28,29)

Patients with lung cancer received a quicker diagnosis, referral and treatment. Percentage of patients receiving treatment improved overall (38)

LHSs can influence health care providers and the health system: The implementation of LHSs appear to impact the culture and experience of health care providers and staff, while also leading to cost savings for some health systems

Implementation of a LHS may help foster a culture of learning and improvement for sustained success

8 (21,23,31,33,34,39,43,45)

Positive organizational culture, supportive leadership and integrated data entry system are crucial for establishing a successful LHS in primary care (23,45)

Reframing the role of research in improving outcomes allowed for development of a learning culture (43)

Health system leaders identify challenges in implementing LHSs, despite recognizing their value

4 (20,24,47,50)

All stakeholders shared the same vision for the LHS, yet they identified challenges in its implementation (20)

Stakeholders identified several challenges in implementing a LHS across organizations in Northern England (24)

LHSs may result in cost savings for the health system

5 (28,29,31,34,35)

Baylor Scott & White Health led to $280 million in savings (31)