Table 1 Analytical framework for multi-sectoral approach to pandemic response
Categories | Elements | Indicators |
|---|---|---|
Context and triggers | Political, social, economic and health contexts driving multi-sectoral collaboration on a particular issue | • Healthcare system • Political structure • Trigger (COVID-19 situation) |
Leadership, institutional mechanisms and processes | Leadership structure | • Monarchy versus democracy • Unified versus fragmented governance structures |
Coordination mechanisms | • Mechanisms for coordination, for example, inter-ministerial committees, cabinet committee chaired by the prime minister, etc.) • Mechanism linked to mandate (law, decree, etc.) • Processes for conflict management and building trust | |
Communication structures | • A communication plan including strategies to manage power dynamics in conversations • Means of engagement of other sectors, such as consultations, workshops or meetings • External communication with public (including infodemics) | |
Actors | Sectors & stakeholders | • Leadership in charge of response • Government sectors involved • Non-state actors involved: - Multilateral organizations and United Nations agencies - Local nongovernmental organizations - Public health disciplines/experts - Civil society organizations - Private entities of citizens and media |
Roles and responsibilities | • Roles and responsibilities linked to mandate of collaborative • Written agreement on roles and responsibilities • Standard operating procedures (SOPs) defines rules and norms governing interactions between members | |
Administration, funding and evaluation | Administration | Level of implementation: • Centralized versus decentralized approach • Community engagement |
Funding | • Amounts and sources of funding for implementation of multi-sectoral response • Cost-sharing mechanism/funding arrangements | |
Monitoring and evaluation | • Mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation • Measurable outcomes or indicators set to measure the impact • Accountability framework | |
Degree of multi-sectoral engagement | Spectrum of engagement | • Communication: A one-way relationship in which information from one sector is shared with other sectors • Cooperation: This involves optimizing resources while establishing formalities in the work relationships. It results in a loss of autonomy for each sector • Coordination: Adjusting the policies and programs of each sector. This leads to increased horizontal networking among sectors. Shared financing sources may be used • Integration: This may entail systematic integration of objectives and administrative processes and the sharing of resources, responsibilities and actions. A formal partnership with shared responsibilities ensures achievement of a common goal |
Impact | Comprehensiveness of policy measures and responses | • Public health measures • Socio-economic measures • Overall pandemic response |
COVID-19-related outcomes | • Total cumulative COVID-19 cases • % of COVID-19 cases • Total COVID-19 deaths • Case fatality rate (% of deaths out of total cases) • Total tests conducted • Tests/1 million population • % of positive COVID-19 cases out of tests conducted • % of population fully vaccinated | |
Enabling factors | Barriers and facilitators | • Barriers to multi-sectoral collaboration • Facilitators of multi-sectoral collaboration |