Table 2 Examples of longitudinal approach to quantitative health and equity assessment in policy implementation and outcome evaluation
Example issue | First outcome measure (monitoring) | Second outcome measure (monitoring) | Third outcome measure (monitoring) | Fourth outcome measure (monitoring) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Tobacco | ||||
Excise taxes | Tobacco price increase (TFK tracking) | Youth tobacco use prevalence (NYTS, YRBSS, Monitoring the Future) | Adult tobacco use prevalence (BRFSS, PATH) | MI rates and other CVD outcomes (Vital Statistics) |
Comprehensive clean indoor air | Population no./% covered by the law/ordinance (AHA tracking) | Youth tobacco use prevalence, second-hand smoke exposure (NYTS, YRBSS, Monitoring the Future) | Adult tobacco use prevalence, second-hand smoke exposure (BRFSS) | MI rates and other CVD outcomes (Vital Statistics) |
Access to care | ||||
Medicaid expansion | No. of states expanding and implementing (AHA tracking) | No. of new enrollees covered (AHA tracking) | No. of people with access to preventive services | CVD outcomes (MI, hypertension, diabetes) Vital Statistics |
Access to coverage | No. of people covered | No. of people with access to preventive services | CVD outcomes (MI, hypertension, diabetes) Vital Statistics | Â |
Physical activity | ||||
Complete streets | Policy implemented | Infrastructure improvements | Population reach | Self-reported measures of PA (BRFSS, YRBSS) |
Early care and education licensing regulations (including PA standards) | No. of facilities (centre/home-based) that fully met the standards (e.g., CDC/NRC) | No. of children covered (facility/home-based care) | Licensing official trainings that occurred; embedded in compliance visits | Young children’s physical activity levels (CDC’s Childcare Survey of Activity and Wellness) |
Healthy diet | ||||
Sugary beverage taxes | Increase in cost of beverages (likely will have to purchase these data) | Beverage sales and changes across the beverage portfolio | Reported beverage consumption in youth and adults (YRBSS, BRFSS) | CVD outcomes, obesity and diabetes rates (Vital Statistics, LHANES/NHANES, BRFSS, YRBSS) |
SNAP | Level of appropriations | Fruit and vegetable purchases | Self-reported fruit and vegetable intake (YRBSS, BRFSS, LHANES/NHANES) | Â |