Table 2 Characteristics of the study population and average annual healthcare expenditure per morbidity count (in 2022 Euro)
From: Multimorbidity healthcare expenditure in Belgium: a 4-year analysis (COMORB study)
|  | Overall | 0 chronic diseases | 1 chronic disease | 2 chronic diseases | 3 chronic diseases |  ≥4 chronic diseases | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Mean cost (€) | 95%CI | % | Mean cost (€) | 95%CI | % | Mean cost (€) | 95% CI | % | Mean cost (€) | 95%CI | % | Mean cost (€) | 95% CI | % | Mean cost (€) | 95% CI | |
All | 100% | 3678 | (3460–3897) | 31% | 1556 | (1388–1724) | 21% | 2438 | (2141–2734) | 16% | 3515 | (3093–3937) | 11% | 4592 | (3920–5264) | 21% | 7807 | (7052–8562) |
Age, mean (95%CI) | 49 (48, 49) | 39 (38–40) | 46 (45–47) | 51 (50–53) | 56 (54–58) | 62 (60–63) | ||||||||||||
 15–29 years | 21% | 1210 | (1093–1327) | 36% | 981 | (853–1110) | 22% | 1034 | (820–1249) | 14% | 1911 | (1410–2412) | 9% | 1863 | (1010–2716) | 5% | 2777 | (1939–3615) |
 30–39 years | 15% | 1745 | (1564–1926) | 20% | 1450 | (1249–1651) | 20% | 1500 | (1158–1842) | 14% | 2164 | (1555–2773) | 13% | 1930 | (1297–2563) | 6% | 3025 | (2057–3993) |
 40–49 years | 16% | 2446 | (2099–2793) | 18% | 1258 | (1054–1463) | 18% | 2097 | (1605–2590) | 18% | 2020 | (1514–2526) | 13% | 2346 | (1843–2849) | 13% | 5876 | (4178–7573) |
 50–59 years | 17% | 3322 | (2887–3756) | 13% | 1160 | (1018–1303) | 17% | 2671 | [(2049–3292) | 20% | 2662 | (1890–3434) | 20% | 4266 | (2381–6150) | 19% | 5907 | (4779–7035) |
 60–69 years | 14% | 4332 | (3765–4899) | 8% | 2798 | (1537–4059) | 13% | 2943 | (2059–3827) | 17% | 3971 | (2992–4950) | 19% | 4112 | (3199–5025) | 22% | 6239 | (4842–7636) |
 70–79 years | 10% | 6502 | (5763–7241) | 4% | 4193 | (2573–5812) | 7% | 4599 | (3014–6184) | 11% | 5460 | (4109–6811) | 15% | 6211 | (4606–7816) | 19% | 8579 | (7096–10,063) |
 80+ years | 7% | 13,068 | (11,562–14,574) | 2% | 6902 | (3944–9859) | 4% | 9459 | (6945–11,973) | 7% | 11,928 | (8741–15,114) | 11% | 11,690 | (8742–14,638) | 16% | 16,147 | (13,616–18,679) |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | 48% | 3355 | (3056–3654) | 52% | 1316 | (1107–1526) | 51% | 2383 | (1937–2829) | 47% | 3349 | (2759–3939) | 47% | 4662 | (3603–5721) | 38% | 8096 | (6833–9359) |
 Female | 53% | 3971 | (3674–4268) | 48% | 1815 | (1552–2078) | 49% | 2495 | (2114–2875) | 53% | 3662 | (3072–4252) | 53% | 4531 | (3681–5380) | 62% | 7631 | (6691–8571) |
Household education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No diploma/primary | 6% | 8786 | (7305–10,267) | 4% | 4991 | (2652–7331) | 5% | 5972 | (2849–9096) | 6% | 6742 | (3522–9961) | 7% | 8058 | (5661–10,455) | 11% | 13,358 | (10,259–16,457) |
 Lower secondary | 13% | 5061 | (4454–5668) | 10% | 2261 | (1803–2718) | 12% | 3421 | (2259–4583) | 11% | 4865 | (3323–6407) | 17% | 5888 | (4360–7416) | 18% | 8210 | (6824–9595) |
 Higher secondary | 33% | 3776 | (3353–4199) | 32% | 1667 | (1302–2032) | 31% | 2781 | (2238–3324) | 36% | 3310 | (2596–4025) | 32% | 5238 | (3586–6891) | 34% | 7353 | (5998–8708) |
 Higher | 48% | 2499 | (2287–2712) | 54% | 1093 | (1012–1174) | 52% | 1725 | (1462–1989) | 47% | 2774 | (2371–3176) | 44% | 3082 | (2517–3647) | 36% | 6160 | (5121–7198) |
Household income(*) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Quintile 1 | 12% | 6974 | (5969–7980) | 8% | 3511 | (1912–5109) | 8% | 5207 | (3135–7278) | 10% | 4706 | (3218–6193) | 14% | 6099 | (4134–8063) | 20% | 10,738 | (8689–12,788) |
 Quintile 2 | 15% | 5432 | (4598–6267) | 14% | 2190 | (1625–2755) | 12% | 3934 | (2659–5209) | 12% | 4241 | (2845–5636) | 16% | 6125 | (3824–8426) | 19% | 9733 | (7486–11,980) |
 Quintile 3 | 20% | 3417 | (3036–3799) | 18% | 1316 | (1073–1559) | 17% | 2560 | (1918–3201) | 21% | 2869 | (2157–3582) | 20% | 5006 | (3549–6463) | 23% | 6071 | (5093–7049) |
 Quintile 4 | 26% | 2795 | (2483–3106) | 26% | 1324 | (1068–1580) | 26% | 1934 | (1470–2398) | 28% | 2946 | (2327–3564) | 25% | 4266 | (2560–5973) | 23% | 5146 | (4347–5945) |
 Quintile 5 | 29% | 1937 | (1668–2206) | 34% | 1025 | (924–1127) | 37% | 1548 | (1255–1840) | 29% | 2286 | (1806–2765) | 24% | 2280 | (1721–2838) | 14% | 5411 | (3306–7517) |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Flanders | 57% | 3762 | (3439–4085) | 52% | 1545 | (1291–1800) | 62% | 2427 | (2001–2853) | 62% | 3510 | (2968–4053) | 59% | 4370 | (3564–5176) | 56% | 8250 | (7077–9424) |
 Brussels | 10% | 3436 | (3078–3794) | 13% | 1581 | (1375–1787) | 9% | 3400 | (2397–4403) | 8% | 3296 | (2309–4284) | 8% | 4088 | (2987–5190) | 8% | 7756 | (6511–9000) |
 Wallonia | 33% | 3604 | (3269–3938) | 35% | 1564 | (1281–1847) | 29% | 2163 | (1828–2499) | 30% | 3584 | (2772–4396) | 33% | 5112 | (3691–6533) | 36% | 7135 | (6159–8111) |